Conventions & Genres Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conventions & Genres - Research Paper Example In this article I will be highlighting how an author’s subjectivity influences an article he has written on a particular topic. This is a very common aspect and it can be said to be in writers, teachers and people who do reviews and they tend to display their views to the topic they are discussing. The pairing of opinion due to subjectivity I have chosen the book "The Border Patrol State" by the author who goes by the name of Leslie Marmon Silko. This border between Mexico and the united states have been subject to various discussions. Questions are raised on how efficient this border is and if it actually restricts those who should not traverse it at bay. The subjectivity from Silko is highly witnessed in the book because she raises the issue on a personal concern. Silko’s subjectivity is viewed on the way she expresses her opinion on the border patrol. The patrol at the border should be an organ that provides security, promote development and peace along the border. A ccording to Silko's, her point of view is that the border patrol are there and are acting as a hindrance to Americas indigenous people. Some of these people actually just want to travel back to their homeland.She believes that these hindrances are interfering with the indigenous American’s rights to freedom of movement and are restricting the economic development of the Native Americans. She accuses the border patrol of harassing people on the basis of their skin color. She talks of how she got stopped while driving home and was detained for hours just because of her being a native. This angered her and drove her to write this article vetting her anger towards the border patrol. The patrol at the border, according to the author, protect the colonizers of ancient time who are the elite who have continued ruling America rather than guard against crime and acts of terror. Her subjectivity is based on her anger towards the border patrol for discriminating against cultures and tri bes. She is a native American and thus she shapes her opinion concerning border patrol is based on how they wrongly treat the native Americans. What really Silko says is that despite the measures put in place in the border, however expensive and advanced, the natives will continue to cross it despite the challenges they will face. Silko concludes that, â€Å"No person, no citizen is free to travel without the scrutiny of the Border Patrol† (Silko, 1996, p. 111). Subjectivities role to me as a teacher Anytime you are in class, subjectivity will show to the students especially when you are giving your own opinion to the students on the subject of discussion. There are two subjects that when I indulge in them,I might end up giving my own opinion to the students and thus reflect my subjectivity to the students. These topics involve politics and religion. Everybody has a right to their own opinion in these two factors. This may make my opinion to sometimes be different from that o f my students due to the divergent backgrounds of the students. With regard to the topics above (religion and politics) you can influence the opinion of many students. Take a case of religion, Spinoza, for example, was a Jewish philosopher who was of the opinion that God is not the creator of nature but was nature itself. This was a subjectivity witnessed in Spinoza. The topic of homosexuality always elicits a lot of reactions from people. As a teacher, I

The Stolen Child Essay Example for Free

The Stolen Child Essay In W. B Yeats The Stolen Child, written in 1886, Yeats employs a vivid use of imagery and contrast to create an easily visualised representation of his beloved rural Ireland, but also a world of fantasy and sheer mysticism; a world created from Yeats love and life-long intrigue of the Irish folk-lore tales of old, and how he saw their revival, their symbolism and importance as something that needed to be preserved and re- addressed amongst his modern day Ireland. Considered as one of Yeats better known earlier pieces, the poem itself and its overall message is something I feel is ery ultimately left open to much suggestion and debate. In this essay, I seek to highlight Yeats own sense of mysticism toward the old Celtic fables through his passionate and seamless depictions of his rural homeland, the World of reality and the strikingly ethereal yet easily envisioned realm of the fairies; his fantasy world. In the first stanza, Yeats makes mention toward Sleuth Wood, the name given to Slish Wood upon Lake Gil which harkens back to his childhood in rural Sligo. Where dips the rocky highland, of Sleuth Wood in the lake, (Yeats, 2008) a reference to the verlooking hilltop known as The Kings Head. His use of the woodland by name creates an instantly relatable image for the reader, the natural beauty of the rural Emerald Isle as Yeats saw it immediately realised and established. The beginning of the second stanza again grounds the reader to reality with the mention of dim grey sands of light, far off by furthers Rosses† a reference to Rosses Point, (Yeats, 2008) a small seaside village upon a headland north-west of Sligo. Again the image is an instantly recognisable and relatable one, and a true to life locational reference that gain helps see the lines of reality and fantasy to the reader ever slightly blurred. In what might be seen as homage to the stories of his youth, stories much loved by his mother, his depictions of the pastoral life of rural Ireland at the beginning of each stanza reminds the reader constantly the time and lifestyle in which they inhabit. Stanza fours mention of the lowing of the calves, and the traditional kettle upon the hob reinforce what we perceive to be the most rural of Irish homesteads, and yet what follows with the progression of each stanza is a meandering of traditional Irish uperstitions and personal, romantic depiction of Yeats contrasting fantasy world. It is stanza one where Yeats describes the leafy Island, a realm of the fairies, where they hid their fairy vats, their pots of berries and stolen red cherries (Yeats, 2008). The notion is presented of a place far removed from the pains and troubles of the real world, while still striking the image of somewhat familiarity. The image of the mischievous fairies draws from age old Irish folklore and superstitions, something Yeats throughout his life held a great fascination toward, although to say the fairies f this poem are truly seen as mischievous would be left open to interpretation. The fairies come to take a human child to the waters and the wild (Yeats, 2008), an image that relates back to many of the old Celtic mythologies of the fairly folk, how they may snatch away children replacing them with changelings. As with much of Yeats earlier works with Irish folk lore, the poem takes from and delves heavily into the Celtic influences. The fairies wish to walk hand and hand with the child across the waters 2008) The fairies represent for the greater part of the poem the essence of freedom nd innocence, or at the very least its illusion. The second stanza gives mention to them leaping to and fro, wild and free, chasing the froth bubbles of the free running waters, while the world†the world of reality†sleeps anxiously in its troubles. Much comparison can be made with the tale of Oisin and Tire Na Nog, the contrasting promises everlasting youth and freedoms. The image of the island itself invokes symbolism. The realm of the fairies is a far removed and magical one to that of the real world, but its familiarity in its connection to the world is what grounds it to not omplete disbelief. The island is located within the lake, itself a metaphor for isolation, or to be isolated from that around it while seeming not entirely out of reach. This liberates it from the harshness out the outside world, creating the sense of a romantic place untouched by the boundaries and conditions of a changing world progressing and evolving about it. Waters surround it, protecting it. The wandering water gushes (Yeats, 2008) stirs an image of something free-flowing and untameable. Nature is another image that represents the contrasting images of freedom. In tanza four, Yeats mentions the calves on the warm hillside and the brown barn mice, while in his initial description of the leafy island, herons are said to be flapping free to the waking of the drowsy water rats. The pastoral calves upon the hillside strike the image of natures enslavement to modern society. Upon the island, no such thing exists. The birds fly and wildlife roam as free as the waters and the fairies themselves. The romantic notion of such an untouched harmonious place strengthens. Again much can be made as to the true meaning behind the poem, as it is open to endless suggestion and debate. Upon first reading and analysis of the poem, innocence†or its loss†was a theme that seemed to stem from the representation of the fairies. The fairies perhaps represent everlasting innocence, something that will inevitable be lost to the human child as time and life progress† as it does with us all. They seek to take him away to preserve that which will become fleeting to him, referring to the real world as one of weeping that he can never truly fathom, but ultimately talking about the challenges of life and all that embodies it. There is a level of freedom suggested in the notion of ever-lasting innocence, again ersonified in depictions of the free running/flowing imagery of the fairy realm, to the idea of being shielded entirely from the worlds horrors can bring ones self to be liberated; if not physically then perhaps mentally or emotionally. To stay forever young is to stay forever naive, to stay pure or perhaps even without sin or corruption. This idea of preserving innocence shows to me maybe contempt for what is depicted to be the reality world, and what Yeats felt it to be. We were no longer a people and nation that Yeats saw to embrace the same beauty of heritage as we once were. We ived in a world now more politicised than ever before and in doing so, we were losing and forgetting a very large part of what was both important to us as a culture and a nation†losing our innocence in this regard.

Creatine in Athletes Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Creatine in Athletes As more and more people are playing professional, collegiate and high school sports each year (Debate), the competition for playing time has become more heated. Most male athletes in any sports these days are looking for any sort of edge that they can get over the people who are fighting for the same spot they are. These battles for playing time become so heated that these kids are willing to try just about anything to win. Most kids are not willing to try anything illegal like steroids, but something very similar to steroids is a supplement called creatine. Creatine is now the most widely used supplement in athletics today (Debate). The sport that creatine is most commonly used in at any level is football. The reason for this is because creatine is most effective when the muscles are used for a short 6 seconds, then a long 45 second rest. The time period of using muscles for 6 seconds and then resting for 45 seconds is closely related to a football game where the players run a play, then get to rest until the next play is called. At the professional level of football, most teams are allowed to take creatine, but some teams are have banned the use of it because no one know the long term effects yet (Actions and Effects). Creatine has become so widely used because of its endorsers. Shannon Sharpe, who played for the Denver Broncos and the Baltimore Ravens, is paid advertiser and endorser. Sharpe claims that creatine has played a big part in his success no matter what anyone else says. "I don't care if you get five PhD's, I don't care if you get seven strength and conditioning coaches to tell me otherwise," Sharpe told ESPN. "I believe it works for me." Shannon Sharpe is not the only football playe... ...re battling for playing time in sports, the more desperate the athletics will get to win that spot. When athletes get desperate, they are willing to try anything that might help their chances of playing (Debate). Works Cited â€Å"Actions and Effects of Creatine.† 2003. CourseworkBank.co.uk. 5 October 2004. <http://www.courseworkbank.co.uk/coursework/actions_effects_creatine_2931/>. â€Å"Creatine Supplements.† 2002. Your Orthopedic Connection. 6 October 2004. <http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=325&topcategory=Spor ts%20%2F%20Exercise>. â€Å"Debate Surrounds Use of Muscle Supplement Creatine.† 2004. Web MD Health. 4 October 2004. <http://my.webmd.com/content/article/17/1676_50201.htm>. Martinez, Mark. â€Å"Creatine a Bigger Body.† 2004. The College Student Site.Com. 5 October 2004. <http://articles.student.com/article/creatine>.

Double Cross

The smoke rising like steam from the open manhole, gave a curtain to a dark figure dressed in black, long cloak floating at the back .His presence scared away the crowding street cats lurking and prowling in the dark alley dustbins. The fall of the dustbin lid echoed through the street like a symbol in an orchestra. Cars seldom passed this area of town, notorious for crime. His destination, a small entrance bordered by neon lights which echoed through out the mist. As he neared the door a small spy hole slid open. The man spoke his words, muffled through his black scarf. After several seconds the doors locks slid open and the door followed. The glowing mist sucked into the open door. A man tower approached the light, built as wide as he was tall. Final checks were made on the man and he was allowed to enter. The radio was on. The time read quarter to ten. A man confessing his hard life working in an office for a boss he hates to the number one radio station in the area. These one-to-one chats with the air host keep the lonely people entertained at night. Detective Ventura turned it off and sighed. He sat peering into the dark alley where our mysterious character had disappeared moments before. The car door opened. A small man with mousy brown hair round chubby cheeks entered the car. His appearance mimicked his attitude. It was his first day. An uneasy silence surrounded the car, rain started to fall slowly and steadily onto the windscreen. It got heavier with time and the silence grew. The repetitive motion of the wipers swishing back and forth was causing Malcolm to sweat. Ventura noticed Malcolm's agitated motion. He decided he had to break the ice. â€Å"So how'd u feel first day out on the job. It's a hell of a lot different from the training aint it?† Ventura said breaking the silence. â€Å"Oh yeah, It's really exciting for me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦what you think our next move is sir?† stuttered Malcolm. â€Å"Well son we gotta sit tight for a while. We don't want go bustin in there when we aint got no leads† he said proudly feeling wise and experienced. Their conversation was interrupted by a gunshot. The room was small but had many doors. He offered to take his coat, but he refused sternly. A look of suspicion was exchanged between the two unlikely gentlemen, when the moment was torn by a voice so strong and deep that it demanded respect. â€Å"Who the hell is it Mike? Are you gonna show um through or do I have to get off my death bed to meet him.† This voice came from a small silver haired man with definite Italian roots. His skin slightly faded from tan to grey. The man lay upon his bed propped up by a mountain of pillows. How a voice of such power and strength could come from this man was hard to believe. As he entered the room the old man glanced across. Mike announced, â€Å"Mr Leony, the man you requested is here with a proposition for you.† His stern voice was irritating â€Å"Ah great I have been expecting you. I feel that your skills may be of some use. Before I give you any details I want you to answer me a few questions. Firstly what's your name?† â€Å"My name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Andreas† hesitating slightly. Mr Leony looks him up and down, then smiles, â€Å"Good can I call you Andy?† â€Å"I'd prefer if we used no names during any of our meetings.† He removed his long black coat. The thud as it hit the ground raised eyebrows. â€Å"Mike I thought you checked him?† â€Å"I did boss, he was clean†¦..at least I think he was!† â€Å"That's another thing you need to improve security around here!† said Andreas, as he pulled from his coat a revolver. Eyes widen. The room is silenced. A shot fired. Mike hit the floor. â€Å"What are you doing!? Stop I beg of you there's no need for this. Who sent you!?† pleaded Antonio Leony. Andreas was considering whether or not to tell Mr Leony who sent him. He looked at his watch. It read five minutes to ten. Ventura bounced from his seat. The coffee flew onto the windscreen. They both looked at each other and simultaneously opened their doors. Time stood still at six minutes to ten as both officers rushed to the neon glare. They both backed up against the wall, guns at the ready. The gel from Malcolm's hair was running into his eyes. He became agitated again, â€Å"Sir what shall†¦.† â€Å"Shhhh!† Ventura interrupted. They both stood silent waiting for a sound inside or movement. Something to give them an insight. Andreas spoke. â€Å"I'm very sorry old man† he said reluctantly. â€Å"At least do me the honour of knowing which back stabbing bastard set me up? Who was it?† he said bravely. â€Å"What good is it going to do you?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦but I suppose it's not going to make much difference whether or not I tell you. Ok it was John Maverick.† â€Å"What that Bastard!† he was raging like a bull. â€Å"I find it hard to end such a man but, you win some, you lose some.† He spoke respectfully, the gun fired. The second gunshot went off piercing Ventura's ears. They had to make a move; they burst in. The warm air hit them. They came to the door. It opened with a slight creak. Ventura made sure the surroundings were clear and checked the body for life signs. There were none. The curtains flailed in the wind. Our mysterious character had disappeared. Venture heard the fire escape ladder slide. His eyes met Malcolm's and they synchronically edged toward the window. Unveiling the curtain they watched as the dark figure entered a black saloon car and drove away leaving the spray from the wet road in its wake. He had escaped. Ventura and Malcolm got back to the station. Their captain shouted to them. They went to his office. The room was small with thin walls. Ventura had often been battered verbally by the captain. There was a name plate, which read Captain John Maverick. Expecting a good telling off, the two officer's eyes were firmly fixed on the ground. â€Å"Ah hell guys, what happened out there?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Look more to the point we got an anonymous phone call tipping us off about our mystery man that I have had you boys tail for the last 2 weeks† the captain spoke casually which came as a shock to the officers, Ventura spoke anxiously â€Å"What did it say sir?† â€Å"Well it gave us a meeting point and a time. It's six tomorrow morning at Swallow Lake. You feeling up to it Ventura?† â€Å"Hell yeah sir!† Ventura pounced. â€Å"And take the rookie with you. This is good experience for him.† Captain said smiling. A bird flew by. Its frozen frame glided across the lake. It dipped slowly out of sight. A moment later it burst into view fluttering its wings. It soared into the sky and began to circle the lake like a vulture would its prey†¦.As Ventura followed the bird he noticed the sky; it was red. He remembered the old saying his grandfather used â€Å"Red sky at night Shepherd's delight, Red sky in the morning Shepherd's warning†, he whispered. The moment was broken by a black saloon pulling up. A man dressed in black got of out the car and slammed the door. More birds burst into the sky and began to circle. Ventura saw a tall black man approach the pier. He reached for his binoculars. â€Å"Wait! It can't be.† His eyes widened as he confirmed his fears. â€Å"Who is it sir? Who is it?† Malcolm inquired. A knock came at the car window. Both heads swivelled. A tall man held a gun pointed at Malcolm. â€Å"Get out the car, and no funny stuff. I got a loaded gun here!† he said having the upper hand. They were taken to a lodge. Inside their fears were confirmed. Their captain had set them up. â€Å"Hi guys†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.well what can I say, Ventura if you had just messed up like you did every other time you would be sitting here right now. You got to close damn it!† he said as if to give them some sort of consolation. The Captain called to the man, â€Å"Andreas have you collected the money?† he said anxiously â€Å"Yes but I'm afraid I can't let you have it. You see I'm a solo man I work for me and me only† he said smugly. Meanwhile Ventura had slipped his penknife from his pocket and was cutting away at the ropes which bound him and Malcolm to the chair, â€Å"What the hell you talking bout? We had a deal. If you go back. I'll kill you† he said furiously, before he could reach for his gun Andreas shot him in the chest. The captain fell to the ground. Andreas turned to the two men tied to the chairs back to back. â€Å"Sorry fellas, honestly I was real impressed with you two being able to track me down. That aint an easy job, but you have got to die!† Andreas poured petrol in a circle around the men and doused the walls and floor. The room spun faster, and faster, and faster, but Ventura kept his cool. Time was running out, Andreas lit his cigar, â€Å"It's been a pleasure gentleman.† He went to drop his match. Ventura rose, Andreas flinched and stumbles back. Ventura reached for his second gun in his sock. Andreas pulls back his coat and grasped his gun. Ventura fired. Andreas fired. Time stopped. The exchange of fire made Malcolm faint. Both men lay motionless on the floor. Ventura lay still as ice. Blood mixed in with the petrol and ran down the cracks in the floor. Malcolm came around and saw the two men lying on the floor beside him. He calls to Ventura, â€Å"Sir!, come on get up. Sir?† he shouted. Ventura lay†¦dead? Malcolm's attention was turned to a rising Andreas. The man rose, grasping his side where he had been shot. He leant against the door frame, his back to Malcolm. Andreas turned and reaching for his gun aims it at Malcolm. Malcolm closes his eyes and prays to god. Three gun shots are fired, but Malcolm felt nothing. When he finally opens his eyes he's back in the same room with Andreas lying dead on the floor in front of him. He hears the faint cough of Ventura and turned quickly to find him nursing a shot wound to his stomach and still pointing a smoking gun in Andreas's direction. Ventura got back to his feet and ventured over to his Captain. he looked down at a man for whom he now felt nothing but sorrow for him. The captain's eyes, as if mesmerised, gazed at the roof. They drifted on to Ventura's eyes. Ventura drops and holds the captain by his back. The captain spoke with a groan. â€Å"Ah, hell. Things just didn't turn out well. I'm sorry Ventura. This wasn't anything personal. He coughed and he died. Ventura eyes glazed like ice. The moment was broken by the sound of a dozen police cars racing to the scene. The birds broke from their circle and descended. The sky was turned from red to blue by the rising sun.

Forms of Government

Montesquieu holds that there are three types of governments: republican governments, which can take either democratic or aristocratic forms; monarchies; and despotisms. Unlike, for instance, Aristotle, Montesquieu does not distinguish forms of government on the basis of the virtue of the sovereign. The distinction between monarchy and despotism, for instance, depends not on the virtue of the monarch, but on whether or not he governs â€Å"by fixed and established laws† (SL 2. 1). Each form of government has a principle, a set of â€Å"human passions which set it in motion† (SL 3. 1); and each can be corrupted if its principle is undermined or destroyed. In a democracy, the people are sovereign. They may govern through ministers, or be advised by a senate, but they must have the power of choosing their ministers and senators for themselves. The principle of democracy is political virtue, by which Montesquieu means â€Å"the love of the laws and of our country† (SL 4. 5), including its democratic constitution. The form of a democratic government makes the laws governing suffrage and voting fundamental. The need to protect its principle, however, imposes far more extensive requirements. On Montesquieu's view, the virtue required by a functioning democracy is not natural. It requires â€Å"a constant preference of public to private interest† (SL 4. 5); it â€Å"limits ambition to the sole desire, to the sole happiness, of doing greater services to our country than the rest of our fellow citizens† (SL 5. ); and it â€Å"is a self-renunciation, which is ever arduous and painful† (SL 4. 5). Montesquieu compares it to monks' love for their order: â€Å"their rule debars them from all those things by which the ordinary passions are fed; there remains therefore only this passion for the very rule that torments them. †¦ the more it curbs their inclinations, the more force it gives to the only passion left them† (SL 5. 2). To produce this unnatural self-renunciation, â€Å"the whole power of education is required† (SL 4. ). A democracy must educate its citizens to identify their interests with the interests of their country, and should have censors to preserve its mores. It should seek to establish frugality by law, so as to prevent its citizens from being tempted to advance their own private interests at the expense of the public good; for the same reason, the laws by which property is transferred should aim to preserve an equal distribution of property among citizens. Its territory should be small, so hat it is easy for citizens to identify with it, and more difficult for extensive private interests to emerge. Democracies can be corrupted in two ways: by what Montesquieu calls â€Å"the spirit of inequality† and â€Å"the spirit of extreme equality† (SL 8. 2). The spirit of inequality arises when citizens no longer identify their interests with the interests of their country, and therefore seek both to advance their own private interests at the expense of their fellow citizens, and to ac quire political power over them. The spirit of extreme equality arises when the people are no longer content to be equal as citizens, but want to be equal in every respect. In a functioning democracy, the people choose magistrates to exercise executive power, and they respect and obey the magistrates they have chosen. If those magistrates forfeit their respect, they replace them. When the spirit of extreme equality takes root, however, the citizens neither respect nor obey any magistrate. They â€Å"want to manage everything themselves, to debate for the senate, to execute for the magistrate, and to decide for the judges† (SL 8. ). Eventually the government will cease to function, the last remnants of virtue will disappear, and democracy will be replaced by despotism. In an aristocracy, one part of the people governs the rest. The principle of an aristocratic government is moderation, the virtue which leads those who govern in an aristocracy to restrain themselves both from oppressing the people and from tryi ng to acquire excessive power over one another. In an aristocracy, the laws should be designed to instill and protect this spirit of moderation. To do so, they must do three things. First, the laws must prevent the nobility from abusing the people. The power of the nobility makes such abuse a standing temptation in an aristocracy; to avoid it, the laws should deny the nobility some powers, like the power to tax, which would make this temptation all but irresistible, and should try to foster responsible and moderate administration. Second, the laws should disguise as much as possible the difference between the nobility and the people, so that the people feel their lack of power as little as possible. Thus the nobility should have modest and simple manners, since if they do not attempt to distinguish themselves from the people â€Å"the people are apt to forget their subjection and weakness† (SL 5. 8). Finally, the laws should try to ensure equality among the nobles themselves, and among noble families. When they fail to do so, the nobility will lose its spirit of moderation, and the government will be corrupted. In a monarchy, one person governs â€Å"by fixed and established laws† (SL 2. 1). According to Montesquieu, these laws â€Å"necessarily suppose the intermediate channels through which (the monarch's) power flows: for if there be only the momentary and capricious will of a single person to govern the state, nothing can be fixed, and, of course, there is no fundamental law† (SL 2. 4). These ‘intermediate channels' are such subordinate institutions as the nobility and an independent judiciary; and the laws of a monarchy should therefore be designed to preserve their power. The principle of monarchical government is honor. Unlike the virtue required by republican governments, the desire to win honor and distinction comes naturally to us. For this reason education has a less difficult task in a monarchy than in a republic: it need only heighten our ambitions and our sense of our own worth, provide us with an ideal of honor worth aspiring to, and cultivate in us the politeness needed to live with others whose sense of their worth matches our own. The chief task of the laws in a monarchy is to protect the subordinate institutions that distinguish monarchy from despotism. To this end, they should make it easy to preserve large estates undivided, protect the rights and privileges of the nobility, and promote the rule of law. They should also encourage the proliferation of distinctions and of rewards for honorable conduct, including luxuries. A monarchy is corrupted when the monarch either destroys the subordinate institutions that constrain his will, or decides to rule arbitrarily, without regard to the basic laws of his country, or debases the honors at which his citizens might aim, so that â€Å"men are capable of being loaded at the very same time with infamy and with dignities† (SL 8. ). The first two forms of corruption destroy the checks on the sovereign's will that separate monarchy from despotism; the third severs the connection between honorable conduct and its proper rewards. In a functioning monarchy, personal ambition and a sense of honor work together. This is monarchy's great strength and the source of its extraordinary stability: whether its citizens act from genuine virtue, a sense of their own worth, a desire to serve their king, or personal ambition, they will be led to act in ways that serve their country. A monarch who rules arbitrarily, or who rewards servility and ignoble conduct instead of genuine honor, severs this connection and corrupts his government. In despotic states â€Å"a single person directs everything by his own will and caprice† (SL 2. 1). Without laws to check him, and with no need to attend to anyone who does not agree with him, a despot can do whatever he likes, however ill-advised or reprehensible. His subjects are no better than slaves, and he can dispose of them as he sees fit. The principle of despotism is fear. This fear is easily maintained, since the situation of a despot's subjects is genuinely terrifying. Education is unnecessary in a despotism; if it exists at all, it should be designed to debase the mind and break the spirit. Such ideas as honor and virtue should not occur to a despot's subjects, since â€Å"persons capable of setting a value on themselves would be likely to create disturbances. Fear must therefore depress their spirits, and extinguish even the least sense of ambition† (SL 3. ). Their â€Å"portion here, like that of beasts, is instinct, compliance, and punishment† (SL 3. 10), and any higher aspirations should be brutally discouraged. Montesquieu writes that â€Å"the principle of despotic government is subject to a continual corruption, because it is even in its nature corrupt† (SL 8. 10). This is true in several senses. First, despotic governments undermine themselves. Because property is not secure in a despo tic state, commerce will not flourish, and the state will be poor. The people must be kept in a state of fear by the threat of punishment; however, over time the punishments needed to keep them in line will tend to become more and more severe, until further threats lose their force. Most importantly, however, the despot's character is likely to prevent him from ruling effectively. Since a despot's every whim is granted, he â€Å"has no occasion to deliberate, to doubt, to reason; he has only to will† (SL 4. 3). For this reason he is never forced to develop anything like intelligence, character, or resolution. Instead, he is â€Å"naturally lazy, voluptuous, and ignorant† (SL 2. 5), and has no interest in actually governing his people. He will therefore choose a vizier to govern for him, and retire to his seraglio to pursue pleasure. In his absence, however, intrigues against him will multiply, especially since his rule is necessarily odious to his subjects, and since they have so little to lose if their plots against him fail. He cannot rely on his army to protect him, since the more power they have, the greater the likelihood that his generals will themselves try to seize power. For this reason the ruler in a despotic state has no more security than his people. Second, monarchical and republican governments involve specific governmental structures, and require that their citizens have specific sorts of motivation. When these structures crumble, or these motivations fail, monarchical and republican governments are corrupted, and the result of their corruption is that they fall into despotism. But when a particular despotic government falls, it is not generally replaced by a monarchy or a republic. The creation of a stable monarchy or republic is extremely difficult: â€Å"a masterpiece of legislation, rarely produced by hazard, and seldom attained by prudence† (SL 5. 14). It is particularly difficult when those who would have both to frame the laws of such a government and to live by them have previously been brutalized and degraded by despotism. Producing a despotic government, by contrast, is relatively straightforward. A despotism requires no powers to be carefully balanced against one another, no institutions to be created and maintained in existence, no complicated motivations to be fostered, and no restraints on power to be kept in place. One need only terrify one's fellow citizens enough to allow one to impose one's will on them; and this, Montesquieu claims, â€Å"is what every capacity may reach† (SL 5. 14). For these reasons despotism necessarily stands in a different relation to corruption than other forms of government: while they are liable to corruption, despotism is its embodiment.

Racism By Thomas Jackson

Racism By Thomas Jackson Introduction Racism can be defined as favor of one culture, race and color by undermining other people’s cultures, races, and color. Historically racial discrimination was perceived to be committed primarily by whites especially towards the black population living in the United States and other European countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism By Thomas Jackson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The emergence of civil activists like Martin Luther and Malcolm X was because of the increased racial concerns. In order to give an explicit reasoning about racism with respect to the words of Thomas Jackson, it is imperative to understand both the current and the past historical issues concerning racism; this will give a clear and unbiased argument about racism based on my own understanding. My perception of Thomas Jackson racism I personally agree and at the same time disagree with the argument presented by Th omas Jackson about racism. To commence my argument about this issue, I will first point out what I personally believe that Thomas Jackson missed about racism. Thomas concentrates only on the current issues and concerns that seem to discriminate on the white race. In doing so, he forgets the historical injustices that whites have shown especially towards the black community. A large percentage of the black communities living in the United States were taken as slaves for the white people. The reverse has never happened anywhere in the world. The propagation of racism was evidently done by the white community. In the early 1960’s at the rise of civil rights movements, most African-Americans and Hispanics were clearly discriminated by their fellow white citizens in most aspects of social life. There were schools for the whites and hospitals for the whites among other necessary social amenities. Thomas seems to forget these past injustices committed by the white communities. If th e black and other races had not been discriminated, the word ‘racism’ could not have attracted much attention as it is in the modern world. By stating the history of racism and the past injustices committed by the white people, I do not support discrimination against the white community regarding their own cultures and identities. However, there is one factor that is clear when talking about racism, the whites triggered racism and blacks and other races have disseminated racism through their over-sensitivity to any act that seems to support or favor the white community. In this respect, there is discrimination against the white community since they cannot exercise their own private practices without attracting overwhelming attention from the media and the ‘modern civil activists’.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As painfully explained by Thoma s in his argument, this side of the argument is true. It is also true that the white community has to be more cautious in their actions more than other races. This perception can be explained by considering historical events that led to racism, in summary the hunter is more or less becoming the hunted. More so, Thomas emphasizes on the growing number of immigrants flocking the United States especially from developing countries. On the contrary there are minimal number of white immigrants to the United States as compared to the number of blacks and other races. This clearly indicates the decreasing dominance of the white community. Conclusion Based on my analysis, Thomas Jackson is neither right nor wrong; his argument seems to be a reaction to the growing sensitivity from other races. There is more reaction to the actions of the other races rather than a comprehensive argument of racism and its origin. In this perspective, Thomas is wrong in his approach about the whole concept of r acism. He ought to analyze the genesis of racism to account for the current actions. In another perspective, the growing concern for any white actions should not be taken as a sign of racism; I personally detest this perception from other races about the white community in support of Thomas argument.

The Somalia Crisis

The Somalia Crisis Introduction While many failed states are at least showing signs of moving towards stable governments, the same cannot be said about Somalia. Even with the intervention of an international community that has been striving to create a framework of negotiations for feuding parties, Somalia has continued to degenerate into more and more chaos.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Somalia Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By evaluating the history of Somalia as it pertains to the genesis of her crisis, it is increasingly becoming clear that for any negotiations to succeed, a unifying and accommodating system for all parties is needed. Such a system would have to be precisely designed so as to accommodate and integrate all prevailing interests in a way that will encourage all relevant groups to embrace peace and form a government. Such a move would involve the accommodation of clans and political factions am ong other groups. These groups can be encouraged to integrate by accommodating their interests and emphasizing on possible unifying catalysts like the prospect of a working nation, common religion and language among other parameters that can be actively and silently enshrined in a credible agreement. Historical Depiction The genesis of various political factions in Somalia that have for a long time failed to unite originates in a way from colonization (History of Somalia). For most part of the colonization period, Somalia was divided into diverse political territories. These territories were mainly controlled by the British, Italian and Ethiopian interests (History of Somalia). Old and emerging political groups have therefore continued to rule sections of Somalia in isolation. Accommodating and integrating groups with political, economic, and social influence in Somalia is therefore fruitful in resolving the conflict. Britain was the first country in Europe to establish a base in So malia. Her main interest at the time was to use the Somalia coast as a fueling station for her ships en route to India. In this direction, France and Italy established separate bases in the northern areas of Somali to fuel their ships as well (Crawford). Following a near brink to armed combat between France and Britain in 1888, the two countries agreed on boundaries separating their small territories along the coast of Somalia (Ayittey). Such confrontations gave formal powers to clans around Somali. For example, in an effort to consolidate their control, the British signed multiple treaties promising the protection of Somali chieftains and clans (Ayittey).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although a substantial territory in Somalia had by then been placed under the control of France and Britain, most of the territory in Somalia was being disputed betwee n Italy and Ethiopia. Hostilities between Ethiopia and Italy led to the battle of Adowa where the Italians were defeated by Ethiopians (History of Somalia). Following the defeat of the Italians by Ethiopia at the battle of Adowa, a large territory (Ogaden) that was previously under their control was taken by the Ethiopians (Ayittey). A stage was therefore set for a series of conflicts between Italy and Ethiopia over the control of the Ogaden region (Crawford 148). Following the Second World War, Somalia degenerated into more conflicts originating from an extension of WW II. In WW II, the Italians and the Britons were fighting on opposite fronts. Besides, the fascist regime in Italy at the time was keener on expanding oversea territories (History of Somalia). What resulted from these conflicts was a continual shift of territories among the British, Italian, French, and Ethiopian powers. Around 1950, it was agreed that the initial 1897 agreement on territories be adopted again (Histor y of Somalia). Following post WW II agreements in Europe, British and Italian territories in Somalia were granted independence in 1960 (Ayittey). These two territories that had been under the British and Italian control united to form the country that became known as Somalia (History of Somalia). On the other hand, the French territory was granted self control 17 years later (1977) (History of Somalia). At independence, it became impossible for all the regions under the influence of separate colonial powers to integrate (Ayittey). Since these territories had been in continual conflicts, for colonial powers had strived to increase their territories, integration of Somalia was almost unachievable. Indeed, territories had been shifting between multiple colonial powers. Besides, methods of expanding territorial control that had been employed by colonial powers where the powers of clans and chieftains were accommodated contributed to a framework for future conflicts (History of Somalia). Clans and chieftains have continued to act as drivers of conflicts in Somalia to date. The Somalia region has thus failed to Integrate successfully.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Somalia Crisis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the prevailing challenge of uniting the entire Somalia region at independence precipitated a scenario for protracted conflicts in the future. Following independence, Somalia engaged in a policy of reuniting with regions in French Somaliland, in the north of Kenya, and in parts of Ethiopia (History of Somalia). At this time, most world powers (including Britain) were in favor of Ethiopia and Kenya, making the efforts of Somalia unsuccessful (History of Somalia). In a bid to reunite with lost territories, politics in Somalia increasingly shifted towards the Soviet Union (Ayittey). Such a direction was especially consolidated when Siad Barre took power towards the end of 1 969 (Ayittey). The prevailing culture of acknowledging the influence and power of clans was thus ignored, for imported soviet ideologies on the supreme power of the political party became integrated in the country (Ayittey). A wrong turn was therefore adopted as the important institution of the clan became isolated by the government. The decision of isolating clan interests from the government exacerbated an imminent conflict. Precipitating this conflict was the event where Somalia was defeated by Ethiopia during the battle for the Ogaden region in 1977 (Ayittey). The defeat of Somalia mainly occurred following the betrayal of Somalia by the Soviet Union, for the Soviet Union provided a weak Ethiopia with troops and arm supplies (History of Somalia). Following this development, clans and political factions begun strategizing on toppling the Somalia government reigning at the time (History of Somalia). In1988.the strategy of overthrowing the government by clans and political factions led to a civil war. It was this civil war that culminated in the eventual collapse of Siad’s government in 1991 (History of Somalia). In this confusion, as Somalia plunged into deep chaos, Siad Barr retreated to his own clan where he crowned himself a warlord (History of Somalia). As a result, Somalia was thus split into multiple regions under the control of factions. Efforts by the international community to unite factions and restore peace in Somalia have so far achieved very limited success.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite efforts from the United Nations, where in 1993, more than 15 groups in control of portions within Somalia were guided in peaceful meetings in Addis Ababa; ceasefire proved elusive and fighting increased (Ayittey). Moreover, in 1994, a precarious environment susceptible to increased conflicts was created when the United States and other powers withdrew their peace troops from Somalia as a result of increasing fatalities. Multiple efforts by African countries and the United Nations to support a weak federal government have also been unable to achieve a visible measure of success (Ayittey). Current Status The Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) has been instrumental in trying to negotiate a peaceful settlement in Somalia and other African countries in conflict (Amnesty International). Through IGAD, negotiations have centered on uniting Punta land, Somaliland, and several leaders in hold of territories within Somalia (Bryden 15). The division of the Somali region into multiple parcels of territories of unclear size corresponds to the colonial state of Somalia when the country was divided between multiple colonial powers that kept fighting to increase their areas (Bryden). As it will become clear here, it has been difficult to accommodate and integrate factions controlling small territorial areas within Somalia. Such a scenario has mainly arisen from the long history of protracted conflicts and conflicting interests between the factions (Bryden). Oftentimes, clan and political chieftains have continued to fight over grazing land and other resources; therefore, warlords have continued to create a situation where the size of a political chieftain is determined in many ways by military capabilities (Austin). In 2000, following Negotiations in Djibouti, an attempt to integrate political leaders controlling parcels of territories in Somalia was made (Cornwell 18). During the negotiations, elders from Somalia clans appointed Abdulkassim Salat Hassa n to act as a transitional leader of Somalia for 3 years; consequently, a step towards unification and peace was made (Cornwell 18). This was however not to be, for some warlords that were mainly drawn from the southern part of Somalia rejected the proposal (Cornwell 19). Moreover, in 2002, another group of Somalia warlords drawn from the south-western part of Somalia declared independence (Hansen 210). Djibouti talks were thus unsuccessful in uniting political factions and establishing peace within Somalia (Hansen 210). One factor that had helped to water down the Djibouti talks arose from political interests from a number of regional neighbors who had a keen interest in the composition of a possible government in Somalia (Dagne 331). For example, the Somali factions that had rejected Djibouti negotiations claimed that they had been motivated by some external pressure from countries like Ethiopia (Dagne). Moreover, many factions had an interest in obtaining a substantial number of government positions in an agreed government (Dagne). Another effort to unite Somalia and establish a government was made during another series of talks that were held in Nairobi from 2003 (Dagne 348). These talks have mainly been organized under the auspices of governments within East Africa (IGAD) with the support of the European Union and Arab nations among other supporters (Dagne 350). IGAD talks have been successful in bringing together about 20 armed political factions and Puntaland to discuss a possible political settlement and integration. However, as it happened in the Gelgudud area in 2004 where dozens of people were killed, intermittent fighting between clans has continued (Dagne 352). Clans and political factions have therefore continued to compete over resources like grazing lands and water, so, derailing the prospects of a possible compromise. Despite several hurdles, Nairobi talks succeeded in hammering out a possible compromise. In the Nairobi agreement, a parliament consisting of 275 members was to be constituted through a method that had been precisely designed to accommodate clan elders and Somali warlords (Dagne). Each of the four clans with the most extensive populations was given powers to appoint sixty one parliamentarians (Neil). On the other hand, minority clans were given powers to appoint thirty one parliamentarians (Neil). The mode of appointing parliament representatives was left upon clans to decide (Neil). Under the agreement, elected parliamentarians were given the responsibility of electing a president (Neil). Also, clans were expected to maintain many functions and powers under a devolved federal kind of a government (Neil). As a result of the significant progress that had been made towards establishing the Nairobi agreement, reluctant groups such as the Juba Valley Alliance, Somali National Front among others embraced the agreement and accented to it (Neil). Among the challenges that have hindered comprehensive implementation of the agreement Include imminent suspicion between clans (Neil). It can be remembered that during his tenure, Siad Barre was biased in appointing government officials as government positions were mainly awarded to individuals from his Marehan clan (Neil). Besides, it is difficult for many factions that operate in Somalia to cede control of their small territories in favor of a federal government (Austin). With no police force and other important institutions, disarming militia groups and establishing the rule of law will always remain a significant challenge (Austin). Amidst these challenges, political factions that operate in Somalia signed an agreement in 2006 for a system of sharing power; thus, bringing into force the anticipated Transitional Federal Government leadership (Neil). Sherif Sheikh Ahmed (Current president of the TFG) has been striving to integrate armed factions that have not embraced the Nairobi agreement yet (Neil). Sheikh’s transitional government has be en facing an almost impossible task of creating an operating government within Somalia (Austin). A number of countries including Eritrea have been accused of contributing to the challenges that are faced by the TFG by aiding armed factions that are vehemently opposed the Transitional federal Government (TFG) (Austin). Indeed, the TFG has only managed to control a small portion of Mogadishu with the support of African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISON) troops (Austin). Establishing important institutions like the police force and the Judiciary has especially been a difficult challenge for the TFG. With a limited control over Somalia due to its inability to subdue militia factions and with limited resources, the TFG has been very ineffective (Austin). For example, about half of all trained police and a substantial number of military men have vacated the TFG due to non payments (Austin). Lately, there has been an increasing concern over the alliance between a number of militia groups th at operate in Somalia and terrorist groups (Austin). Al Shabaab (a military faction that is backed by the Al Qaeda terrorist group) has especially opposed the federal government and even managed to threaten and attack countries offering support to the TFG (Ayittey). In 2006, a group called the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) defeated warlords operating within Somalia and centralized its base in Mogadishu (Dagne). Although many of these warlords had signed the Nairobi agreement, they had not been willing to accommodate the TFG (Dagne 353). Following this development, TFG forces together with the Ethiopian military launched a successful offensive against the ICU elements in Mogadishu (Dagne 353). During 2008, an agreement to accommodate former ICU elements, integrate and coordinate security through a joint committee, and withdraw Ethiopian troops was reached (Dagne 354). However, this agreement has proved to be ineffective as concerned parties including the TFG have been compounded in inte rnal conflicts, and worse, they have failed to respect the agreement. Another round of talks in Djibouti is currently ongoing with an overdriving policy of creating a new government that will accommodate all parties with political significance in Somalia (Dagne 354). Meanwhile, amidst ongoing efforts to create a functioning government, Al Shabaab has been expanding its influence in Somalia (Dagne 354). With the radical nature of Islamic extremism present in Somalia, more and more people can easily unite with Al Shabaab among other extremist groups; thus, creating a more precarious situation (Dagne). Potential Explanations Multiple endeavors have been applied by the international community in an effort to resolve the crisis that exists in Somalia. Although some measure of success has been accomplished, the present crisis in Somalia has hardly been mitigated. Several attempt made to resolve the Somalia conflict have been watered down by squabbles among Nations; consequently, making it difficult to create of a well coordinated process that would form a working government (Hansen 210). For instance, the 1997 peaceful efforts were mainly hindered because of squabbles between Egypt and Ethiopia. In this case, Egypt was accused of initiating a plan that had been tailored to weaken Ethiopia while resolving the Somalia Conflict (De Maio 7). Besides, a number of negotiations intended to reach a settlement on the Somalia crisis have been hastened; lasting for just about two weeks in some cases (The 1993 talks in Addis Ababa) (Hansen 212). Such a move has failed to create enough time for comprehensive and exhaustive talks that would address all the concerns on the ground. However, none of these challenges can approach the boulder that has been placed by Somali warlords who have acted to precipitate more and more conflicts (Hansen). A host of warlords have an array of interests which are drawn from enormous economic resources and political power that they gain from the Som alia conflict (Hansen). It is true that for a comprehensive political settlement in Somalia, there is a need to integrate clan leaders, for clan elders have considerable influence over the Somali people (De Maio 7). Still, it is important to evaluate the dual roles of warlords, for warlords exploit their clans and use their enormous economic resources to establish their powers (Hansen). With no economic resources, the influence of warlords over their clans is non existent. Oftentimes, warlords exploit clan leaders by bribing them and or threatening them in a complex relationship where immense clan powers are transferred to warlords (Hansen). A system of patronage is thus enhanced within a clan by warlords capable of using their power and resources to help their accomplices and themselves evade the rule of law (Hansen). A substantial amount of wealth that has been accumulated by warlords is normally distributed to individuals from their clans; consequently, consolidating the capacity of warlords to control their clans in the process (Salih 75). Since their influence will automatically be significantly trimmed by a rule of law system that will decrease their wealth, it can be seen that warlords will forever resist the establishment of a government in Somalia (Salih 75). Moreover, their interests are quite parallel to genuine interests of the clans that they claim to represent. In the interest of uniting important parties in Somalia, focusing immense energy on warlords is unnecessary as warlords will always represent their own interests. Moreover, their existing powers are proportional and therefore, vulnerable to their economic wealth. Projections So far, due to several challenges that include a limited economical capacity, the TFG has been ineffective in establishing a government within Somalia (Siler 600). As of now, it is hard to see the TFG overcome the many challenges that it currently faces (Siler 600). A likely scenario is the return to political territor ies operated by clan factions in the near future (Bruton 2). Meanwhile, the Somalia crisis has continued to move in new a dimension that reflects across the Globe (Bruton 8). On one hand, the piracy problem around waters bordering Somalia has been escalating (Bruton 8). On the other hand, Islamic extremism and terrorism are fast integrating with the Somalia Society (Bruton 9). In order to mitigate the piracy problem and prevent terrorist groups like the Al Qaeda from establishing strongholds in Somalia (through linkage with militia groups such as the Al Shabaab), the international community will develop an increased interest in Somalia (Bruton). With increasing unease over the state of the protracted chaos that has continued to define Somalia, western powers may adopt a different policy approach designed to guard their security interests (Samatar 625). A possible policy change would be to acknowledge a powerful group like the Al Shabaab and provide the group with support under certa in conditions (Bruton). The most important criteria under such an agreement would be for the group to halt any associations with terrorist organizations like the Al Qaeda (Samatar 628). Measures would then be taken to strengthen an Islamic government; thus, accommodating Islamic interests, clan interests, and other interests that have so far remained a challenge to accommodate under a single agreement (Samatar). Still, it is possible for the International community to adopt a different approach towards resolving the Somalia crisis; however, the nature of the approach will likely remain radical and would also be tailored to mitigate security concerns such as the threat from terrorism (Bruton). In such a case, the possibility of a military deployment is possible. Such a move can especially catalyze from a major terrorist attack on western interests by an Al Shabaab group that is coordinating with the Al Qaeda (Bruton). With the current state of affairs whereby a weak TFG is supported by a weak AMISON troop that is poorly funded, it is just a matter of time before the TFG collapse; therefore, causing interested parties around the Globe to rethink a new strategy (Bruton). Conclusion Somalia has presented a difficult conflict to resolve where a complex and delicate network of interests relate. Recognizing the importance of the clan culture that exists in the culture of Somalia, negotiations on a possible peaceful settlement have strived to accommodate the interests of Somali clans. An inherent challenge that has arisen from this approach has been to mistakenly equate warlords to clans. These two are different and can serve very different interests. The challenge would be therefore to develop a system that will endure in the protection and accommodation of interests. Such a system will not be based on personalities like warlords but on a working constitutional framework with a clear system of procedures. Moreover, it is important to accommodate and respect the Islam ic interests of the Somalia people. Indeed, many Somalis have been developing apathy towards western powers and the TFG. Although it is important to accommodate and integrate all parties and interest within Somalia, such integration needs to evaluate real interest groups and promote the integration processes through clear procedures. Amnesty International. Amnesty Recommendations to the AU†Ã‚  Amnesty International.12 Feb. 2007. Web. Austin, Barry. â€Å"Challenges and Psychological Dynamics of Negotiating Risks†Ã‚  Good Field Institute. 19 Mar. 2009. Web. Ayittey, George. â€Å"The Somali Crisis: Time for an African Solution.†Ã‚  American University. 28 Mar. 1994 Web. Bruton, Bronym. â€Å"Somalia: A new Approach.† Council of Special Relations Journal  70.52, (2010): 2-14. Print. Bryden, Matt. â€Å"Somalia and Somaliland: Envisioning a Dialogue.†Ã‚  African Security Review, 13.2 (2004): 15-30. Print Cornwell, Richard. â€Å"Somalia† Afri ca Security Review 13.4 (2004): 18-23. Print Crawford, Young. â€Å"Beyond the State Crisis† Washington: John Hopkins. 2002. Print. Dagne, Ted. Somalia: â€Å"Prospects for a lasting Peace.† The Mediterranean Quarterly  20.2 (2009): 331-54. Print. De Maio, Jennifer. Ethnic Conflict in Somalia. New York: Lexington Books. Hansen, Stig. â€Å"Warlords and Peace Strategies: The case of Somalia.†Ã‚  Journal of Conflict Studies 18.7 (2003): 210-24. Print. History of Somalia. Grameen Foundation. History World. 30 Oct. 2002. Web. http//www.historyworld.com Neil, Ford. â€Å"Somalia: Agreeing not to disagree.† Conflicts Review. 1 Apr. 2004. Web. Salih, Mohamed. â€Å"Crisis Management in Somalia† Sweden: HSC, 1994. Print. Samatar, Ismail. â€Å"Destruction of State and Society in Somalia†Ã‚  The journal of Modern African studies 30.4, (2008): 625-41. Print. Siler, Michael. Strategic Security issues in sub-Saharan Africa.  Westport: Greenwood, 200 4. Print

Cmo afecta la ley HB87 de Georgia a los indocumentados

Cmo afecta la ley HB87 de Georgia a los indocumentados La ley de Georgia HB 87, considerada como restrictiva de la inmigracià ³n, impone castigos a los inmigrantes indocumentados que viven dentro de las fronteras de ese estado. Y es que aunque las leyes de la inmigracià ³n son federales y, por lo tanto, son iguales todo Estados Unidos sin importan donde se resida lo cierto es que cada estado puede pasar medidas de apoyo a los migrantes, legales y/o indocumentados o, por el contrario, restrictivas de los derechos de los sin papeles. Ese à ºltimo es el caso de Georgia, pero no es el à ºnico. Destacan en ese sentido las leyes de Arizona, Alabama y Carolina del Sur. Si usted es uno de los 480 mil indocumentados que vive en Georgia o se planea mudarse a vivir a ese estado es conveniente saber los puntos bsicos de la ley HB-87 tal y como se aplica en la actualidad despuà ©s de que varias organizaciones demandaran con à ©xito irregular la suspensià ³n de algunas partes de la ley. Cà ³mo afecta la ley de Georgia HB-87 a los indocumentados En primer lugar, en aplicacià ³n de la ley de Georgia HB-87 las empresas con ms de un cierto nà ºmero de trabajadores deben utilizar el programa federal e-Verify para garantizar que sus los empleados son ciudadanos americanos o estn legalmente autorizados para trabajar en Estados Unidos. Asà ­, todas las agencias estatales y todos los empresarios privados con ms de 500 empleados deben verificar el estatus legal de todos los nuevos trabajadores. Desde el 1 de julio de 2012, est obligacià ³n se ha extendido a todas las empresas con ms de 100 empleados y desde el uno de enero de 2013 se extender a todas que tengan ms de 10 trabajadores. Adems, la utilizacià ³n de documentos falsos como licencias de manejar, tarjetas de la seguridad social o green cards con el objeto de obtener empleo est castigado con multas de hasta $250,000 y con penas de prisià ³n por un mximo de 15 aà ±os. Asimismo, todas las peticiones de ayudas para la vivienda o para la compra de alimentos (food stamps) debern acompaà ±arse por la presentacià ³n de determinada documentacià ³n que pruebe el estatus legal del solicitante. Y quiz lo ms digno de resaltar es que  la policà ­a estatal y local puede verificar el estatus migratorio de las personas a las que para o detiene. Es lo que se conoce como la polà ­tica de muà ©strame los papeles (show me your papers, en inglà ©s). Es de destacar que se autoriza a la policà ­a a pedir los papeles pero no se hace mandatorio que debe hacerlo. Asà ­, por ejemplo, las fuerzas del orden del estado de Georgia podrn pedir papeles para verificar el estatus migratorio de las personas que manejen un auto sin la debida licencia. Disposicià ³n de la ley de inmigracià ³n de Georgia HB-87 que est suspendida   Por decisià ³n de la Corte de Apelaciones de Atlanta sigue en suspenso la seccià ³n de la ley que penaliza a todas las personas que a sabiendas, acogen en sus viviendas o transportan a un inmigrante indocumentado cuando se est cometiendo un delito. Derechos de los migrantes indocumentados Los migrantes indocumentados, a pesar de su estatus, tambià ©n tienen derechos si son arrestados o parados. En estos casos es muy importante que reciban un buen asesoramiento legal si sus caminos cruzan el de las autoridades y, por su puesto, si reciben una citacià ³n para presentarse en una corte de Inmigracià ³n, ya que el no hacerlo tiene consecuencia una orden de deportacià ³n (de la que es posible no saber que se tiene). Adems, en casos de arresto o/y inicio de procedimiento de deportacià ³n conviene consultar con un abogado si es conveniente solicitar una salida voluntaria, ya que puede tener ventajas si no hay forma legal de parar la deportacià ³n. Por à ºltimo, destacar que incluso en Georgia los muchachos con la Accià ³n Diferida aprobada (DACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) pueden obtener la licencia de manejar. Y que hay ciertos beneficios sociales mà ­nimos reconocidos por las leyes federales que se tienen que cumplir, como el acceso a Wic para el caso de bebà ©s, infantes y embarazadas o la asistencia en clà ­nicas comunitarias e incluso en ER de hospitales en los casos de peligro para la vida. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asistencia legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Quantitative analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quantitative analysis - Article Example nt the research question in the introduction, but it is evident from the flow of ideas in this section that they are interested in understanding if Icelandic nursing homes are meeting quality care standards through the MDS. The article did not present distinct research question/hypothesis, although it expressed its research goals that can be paraphrased into research questions. The research questions are: What are the trends for quality of care for nursing homes? Is there a connection between the quality variables in the MDS and the health and functional profile of elderly resident participants? The independent variables are the quality indicators and the dependent variables are patient health conditions and functional profile. The research questions have sufficient experiential/scientific background because of the prevalence of undertakings on studies regarding quality of care across the world, though they are not placed in any specific theoretical background. The researchers did not discuss how they conducted their search strategy for their review of literature. Nonetheless, the introduction sufficiently provides important published articles on the context of the research, including quality of care measurement in general and the particular care needs of residents of nursing homes in specific. In addition, the study employed a useful conceptual framework that guided their study through emphasizing the value of the MDS to their research context. Furthermore, they made it clear what their study was adding to the literature through the section, What This Paper Adds (Hjaltadà ³ttir et al., 2012, p.1343). This section shows what their contributions to nursing research are. The researchers controlled the potential impact of history on the internal validity of the study through eliminating participants with readmissions to nursing homes after spending time in hospitals because the latter can have an effect on the health status of participants. The researchers

Business information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business information system - Essay Example The marketing technique used by CPS is also archaic. They depend on advertising themselves on newspapers and magazines as well as organizing open days to allow people to learn more about the school. The school does not have a website, and hence faces a hard time especially in the process of recruiting teachers. This is especially so because other schools are adopting IT and their working procedures are continually being simplified. Students lack adequate Information Technology knowledge since they do not have a computer lab where they can be taught computer classes. Teachers have also complained that the process of researching via books and recording every information on paper is very tedious. Collaboration with the outside world is impossible due to lack of a modern system of IT. They do not have a virtual learning system, and hence open learning, and distance learning cannot be take place in CPS. The available computers are stuffed with a lot of files, and the files have not even b een arranged; they have just been dumped into the computer. This makes the computers useless, since they cannot achieve their role. Accessing the files that have already been saved on the computer is also very hard. Introduction With the recent revolutions and inventions in the field of technology, one ought to stay up to date. There is a need to upgrade to better technological systems so as to catch up with the rest of the world. Information technology is the pillar of every successful business of the modern day world. Technology has helped to reduce the burden of having to work for long hours by introducing methods of working effectively and maximally for a shorter period than it used to be. The introduction of the latest technology into CPS can have various benefits. This paper will give a critical analysis and review of CPS, regarding its use of technology. Literature review (Theoretical concept of Business information system) Technology is a key to success in today’s wor ld (Blaze 2010). Not very many people are able to live in a world that lacks technology. Everyone wants to have a mobile phone and a PC in the modern world (Burnstein 2007). People want to drive vehicles that have the latest technology installed in them. Employees want to do work with the help of modern machines (Goodpasture 2009). Technology is everything. The teachers of CPS live a very stressing life. For example, they have to mark exam papers, then record the marks in a book manually. Their record keeping is also manual, in books, and this would mean that in case of a fire, all their data would be lost. What would happen if the marks of the final exams of students got lost in a fire? This would be a very terrible situation since most of the students would not care about what happened; they would sue the school. Most of the students may also leave school when they are not fully conversant with the computer system. This would pose as a threat to them since they would not be able t o fit in the world after school, considering that everyone is getting acquainted with the technology. The school may also face a problem of marketing itself. With the advancement of technology, not many people buy newspapers and magazines; people simply don’t have space for such paper work in their houses and offices (Sutherland 2005). Most people read them online, and get news from different internet sources (Hoolladay 2011) Social

Ban smoking in public places Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ban smoking in public places - Essay Example Smoke from cigarettes is affecting the environment as a whole and is also affecting the individuals who smoke. This is the very reason that smoking is being banned in public places so it cannot harm other individuals. This argumentative essay would further expand the points of smoking ban on public places and would provide with a definitive conclusion as to which side is more convincing (Vallero 2008, Goudie 2000 & Cooper 2001). The proponents of the ban on smoking in public places present with researches carried out on the topic which clearly shows that smoking in these public places is harmful to the health of many individuals who are exposed to the smoke involuntarily (Carb 2003). They argue that the smoke in these public places can cause non smokers to passively smoke and some asthmatic patients can have a triggered asthmatic attack because of it. (National Health Survey 1994). Similarly patients who are already suffering from fatal diseases would be triggered by this tobacco smoke if they are exposed to it highly as reported by the CDC (Washington Post 2004). They bring forward laws which provide every human life in this world with the right that they should not be exposed to carcinogens which would affect their health and if this ban on smoking does not take place then these individuals would be exposed to the carcinogens of cigarette (U.S Department of Health and Human Services). They also bring forw ard other harms which may be caused by cigarette smoke to the society. The cigarette butts that are left behind by the smoker can be a cause of fire at many places and by imposing ban on smoking the government can ensure that these incidents are avoided (Daily Courier 2004). Similarly it is found that these butts of cigarettes also constitute a great part of the litter found on the beaches and if bans are strictly imposed on these recreational places the cost of cleaning the places would be much low. (Chicago Sun Times 2003). It is seen that many of the

Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Engineering - Essay Example Software requirements, 2. Software design, 3.Software construction, 4. Software testing, 5. Software maintenance, 6. Software configuration and management, 7. Software engineering management, 8. Software engineering process, 9. Software engineering tools and methods, 10. Software quality, and 11. Knowledge areas of related disciplines (Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Management, Mathematics, Project Management, Quality Management, Software Ergonomics, and Systems Engineering) (SWEBOK, 2004 p. 1-2). Software engineers, therefore, must be proficient with the latter knowledge areas to handle every software engineering projects properly, successfully and efficiently. The software engineering project being studied at hand is the Chat Application. According to the given case, the status of which is that there is an unexpected disappearing messages that caused the team one extra week to debug. Further, the Director for Software Services has the following comments, impressions and questions: 1. She is not pleased with the delay, 2. She comes to one of the status meetings to find out what happened, 3. She states, Your team has been testing this application for weeks and didnt find any problems, 4. She asked, Why didnt you find the problem sooner?, and 5. She also asked, Is there any way we can kept this from happening again? As a member of the team, she wants you to discuss the following: 1. Your opinion on testing, 2. Whether an application that passes testing is free from errors, 3. Whether it is possible to design a test that will find all potential errors in the Chat Application, 4. What other techniques or strategies can developers use in conjunction with testing. Software testing consists of the dynamic verification of the behavior of a program on a finite set of test cases, suitably selected from the usually infinite executions domain, against the expected behavior.†(SWEBOK, 2004 p. 5-1) Based on the above authoritative

Communications and integration management Essay

Communications and integration management - Essay Example The numbers have evidently supported the positive statement. However, the merger was also considered controversial due to how the merger was carried out, which involved the lost of 15,000 jobs, the release of 17 top executives from both parties, and investigations by United States SEC and European Commission (Shannon, 2001). Concerning the merger between HP and Compaq, there is notion saying that HP is simply making decisive moves that position them to win the market by offering more values to customers. For this reason, there are three suggestions on having successful merger: Keeping each company on segments they are experienced with, analyzing and addressing cultural issues, incorporating cultural cost in financial calculations, maintaining clear framework and transparent management Vision is the matter that companies imagine what they want to be. In achieving his vision, pros and contras will adorn companies as they grow. Sometimes, the principal difference between the owners or shareholders result in prolonged discussion that bring the company to the long-term success but disputes will render the company to break up, business separation or turnaround in the ownership. Meanwhile, there is also a case where shareholders decide to encourage the business growth through several schemes and step on them. In the event of growing business, shareholders should encourage the integration of whole business processes and applications from customer relationship management (CRM), financial applications to Human Resource and Sales Force Automation (SFA) to in order to smooth the development steps. This is imperative since in today's fierce competition, business should ensure that information in the business streams flawlessly, from marketing to selling and signing contract to invoicing and collecting revenues. Concerning the integration management, this paper will discuss the integration issues in a merger and acquisition between HP and Compaq. The reason of choosing this project is due to the interesting case emerged from the merger between two competing corporation in computer

Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Engineering - Essay Example Software requirements, 2. Software design, 3.Software construction, 4. Software testing, 5. Software maintenance, 6. Software configuration and management, 7. Software engineering management, 8. Software engineering process, 9. Software engineering tools and methods, 10. Software quality, and 11. Knowledge areas of related disciplines (Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Management, Mathematics, Project Management, Quality Management, Software Ergonomics, and Systems Engineering) (SWEBOK, 2004 p. 1-2). Software engineers, therefore, must be proficient with the latter knowledge areas to handle every software engineering projects properly, successfully and efficiently. The software engineering project being studied at hand is the Chat Application. According to the given case, the status of which is that there is an unexpected disappearing messages that caused the team one extra week to debug. Further, the Director for Software Services has the following comments, impressions and questions: 1. She is not pleased with the delay, 2. She comes to one of the status meetings to find out what happened, 3. She states, Your team has been testing this application for weeks and didnt find any problems, 4. She asked, Why didnt you find the problem sooner?, and 5. She also asked, Is there any way we can kept this from happening again? As a member of the team, she wants you to discuss the following: 1. Your opinion on testing, 2. Whether an application that passes testing is free from errors, 3. Whether it is possible to design a test that will find all potential errors in the Chat Application, 4. What other techniques or strategies can developers use in conjunction with testing. Software testing consists of the dynamic verification of the behavior of a program on a finite set of test cases, suitably selected from the usually infinite executions domain, against the expected behavior.†(SWEBOK, 2004 p. 5-1) Based on the above authoritative

International Business in Emerging Markets Essay - 1

International Business in Emerging Markets - Essay Example An automobile is basically regarded as a vehicle having wheels and carrying its own engine. The previous names given to an automobile were "horseless carriage" and "motor car" where motor was to denote an engine. The behaviour or making an automobile work is entitled as driving. Every automobile consists of a seat for driver and at least another seat for the passenger (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). Mainly automobiles are designed for travelling on roads but there are some automobiles which permit people to drive "off-road." Basically an automobile is made up of "internal combustion engine" but as years passed, "hybrid cars powered by gas-electric hybrid engines" penetrate the market. A typical automobile consists of four wheels, though three-wheeled automobiles were also made but did not gain much popularity due to constancy purpose (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). "Steam-powered self propelled vehicles were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated such a vehicle as early as 1769. The first vehicles were steam engine powered, and then electric vehicles were produced by a small number of manufacturers. In the 1890s, ethanol was the first fuel used by cars in the U.S. In 1919, alcohol Prohibition destroyed corn-alcohol stills which many farmers used to make low cost ethanol fuel. Later on gasoline and diesel engines were implemented." (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/) The p... the United States but also the first "amphibious vehicle." It was called amphibious vehicle because it could be operated on wheels on land and with a paddle in the water. Amongst the initial environmental modernizations were the substitute fuels for the "internal combustion engine." Nowadays, "methanol and ethanol are used as petrol extenders" in several countries, mainly in Australia and United States. Every year more than a million people die in automobile accidents and around 50 million people get injured in such accidents. There are several chief reasons of these accidents, including "inattentive driving, reckless driving, road hazards etc." Even after skilled progresses, the deaths occurring as a result of automobile accidents are still high. Around 40,000 people die every year in United States as a result of such accidents, and the number of deaths keeps increasing year by year (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). Brief Introduction on Telecommunication Telecommunication is the "transmission of signals" above a distance for the intention of "communication." These days, this procedure includes propelling "electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters", whereas during previous days, this procedure comprised of using "smoke signals, drums or semaphores." Telecommunication has gained much popularity nowadays and devices enhancing this procedure are television, radio and telephone. Computer communication is also done on internet through e-mail and instant messaging, setting up examples of telecommunication. The fundamental factors of a telecommunication are: "A transmitter that takes information and concerts it to a signal for transmission." "A transmission medium over which the signal is transmitted." "A receiver that receives and converts the signal

Law enforcement today Essay Example for Free

Law enforcement today Essay Law enforcement officers have a very important role in society. They have a job that involves lots of decision making and using personal judgment. Law officers have many duties while at work. Law officers have to decide whether or not someone is breaking the law and how they will enforce the situation. Law officers are sometimes expected to be perfect. They have to catch all the bad guys and save all the innocent. Unfortunately it doesnt always work that way but officers try to do the best of their ability. All officers are different in that some are more strict and you cant get away with as much, and others are very laid back and you are apt to get a way with more. I believe all officers should be strict when it comes to safety issues, and peoples health is at risk. I also believe officers should try and teach you what is against the law before you are punished, like warnings should be issued when no one is in harms way. Some officers think they are immortal when they put on a badge, sometimes officers forget what theyre there for and go too far. There are many cases when people have been falsely abused by officers for no reason. All people have rights, even when you have committed a crime. You are read your rights when you get arrested and no one can take those rights away from you. If an officer violates those rights, you will probably win you case because of it. I think the laws and rules citizens have to follow are reasonable. To run a country successfully, you need to have laws that cover everything. People also need to educate themselves on what the laws are. In this country, you are innocent until proven guilty. Everyone also has a right to a trial before a jury when you have been accused of a crime. Each case obviously has its own circumstances, and thats why everyone gets a trial. I think the more serious the crime, the less space or freedom you have. Obviously there are different penalties for speeding and murder. They say the crime should fit the punishment. I think the penalties in this country are very fair. I dont think to many people get off too easy or too harshly. I believe the punishment system is pretty accurate in this country. I think a lot of police work is just plain old confidence. Criminals are going to take the state police more seriously than the police in a little town in the middle of nowhere. Law enforcement officers have a bad reputation of being fat, out of shape, eating donuts, sitting at a desk and so on. Some officers you see  are definently out of shape but they might have great knowledge in the field of law enforcement. I think all officers who go on patrol should have to pass a physical test as well as a written test each year to be certified. Im not saying out of shape officers should be fired, but they shouldnt be on patrol. They could be put at a desk or do detective like work. I think officers should be in good shape and look intimidating towards criminals. I think that would cut crime rates down. Criminals would be less apt to rob a bank if they knew a young, in shape, fast cop was chasing them rather than if a three hundred pound, forty six year old cop was. All these things I just mentioned would probably help reduce crime, but they are just opinions. I truly believe law officers today do a good job at what they do and deserve a tremendous amount of respect for it. Being a law officer is not only a risky job but it is kind of heroic in a way. I think it takes a special person to be a law officer and not everyone should able to be one.

Wal Marts Global Expansion Plan Management Essay

Wal Marts Global Expansion Plan Management Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate opportunities and threats for Wal-Mart for expanding globally. For global expansion plan, Wal-Mart must have to adapt to the rapid technological changes world-wide. These types of expansions also posses some challenges to the business which Wal-Mart have to find the solution for. This report also gives some recommendations to Wal-Mart for successfully expanding globally facing the challenges of the new markets. Wal-Mart is one of the leading retailers of United States and is based on the vision of Sam-Walton. The company has very successfully served its community during the period of its existence. In this report, we have identified three main threats which Wal-Mart will face if it goes for global expansion. One of the most important threats is the supply chain management of Wal-Mart. This supply chain management process is currently doing very well at home, i.e. in the home country. Secondly, the understanding of culture of the country in which the company is operating is very necessary because producing quality products is not enough in international markets. A company must have to consider the culture of that particular community in which it is providing products or services. Thirdly, the pricing strategy of Wal-Mart can also pose a threat to the company if it goes global because in home country might fail in case of host country. In order to become a total success, Wal-Mart will have to adopt differentiation strategy and this differentiation will not only be made in product preferences but also in the channels of distribution. In case of Wal-Mart, strategy of transition will help the company to focus on local responsiveness and world-wide efficiency. STRUCTURE OF THE ASSIGNMENT This assignment is segregated into four major parts. First part is the introduction, in which we have detailed the purpose of the assignment together with some highlights on the current situation of the company. Additionally, we have also shed light on the purpose of going global for Wal-Mart. In the second section, we have identified some key threats and opportunities for Wal-Mart in expanding globally. Third section consists of an analysis of the current strategy. Last, but not the least, section provides some recommendations for Wal-Mart to expand globally. INTRODUCTION Wal-Mart can be said as one of the founders of global expansion. It has set an example for local retailers to expand globally. It is Wal-Mart who is currently operating in many countries and has proved that borders are not boundaries for businesses. (Keegan 2007 102) The origin of Wal-Mart goes back to 1962 when Sam Walton began a retail shop operating on a premise that customer wants low-priced products with high quality. Initially, the quality of this business products was not that high, but low price led it to sell more. It was Sam Walton and his experience that Wal-Mart was able to find out how to differentiate the product. Wal-Mart was one of the highest sales retailers in year 2007 with sales going high above $300bn. This was a turning point for the than retailers for whom, Wal-Mart had set a benchmark. Sam Walton believed that it is the mission of the company which is making it fly-high. It is the vision of the founder that Wal-Mart has retail outlets, franchises, production facilities, etc. all over the world. (Jaffee 2005 2) In 1991, Sam Walton passed away. But since this business was created on the basis of mission and values, therefore, the business is still a success. Here, one can think that what was the need for Wal-Mart to expand globally. Expansion into global market requires a different set of strategies, tactics, planning and training. These all cannot be duplicated with the local ones. Most of the companies are directing their expansion towards third world countries especially China due to decreased labor costs, friendly tax structure and raw material costs, etc. Supply chain management was one of the cornerstones of the Wal-Mart success. Wal-Mart gained market share due to its strong supply chain management and well-trained employees. These employees are called Associates. Additionally, a mixture of strong branding and low-price with high quality products adds up to the success of Wal-Mart as a market leader. With all these strengths and plusses, Wal-Mart is still facing problems in global expansion due to very bad political and economic conditions added with instability all over the world, especially in markets where Wal-Mart is currently serving. Also, the company is facing intense competition from the local competitors as well. There was a strong dependence on ethno-centrism approach by Wal-Mart. But this perception of dependence on ethno-centrism approach was suddenly changed after the expansion experiences of the company in Korea, Japan, Germany, China, etc. Wal-Mart was producing standardized products all over the world where it operates. These experiences make it very clear that global strategy should be changes as standardized products are unable to satisfy the needs of consumers all around the globe. While identifying strategy for Wal-Mart expansion, we discovered that United States governments subsidies play a vital role in the success of retail businesses. These subsidies help the company to make foreign ventures overseas. This is generally true in case of stable financial markets. But in todays instable market, it is not necessary that Wal-Mart will become a success by following this strategy. But there is still a hope for Wal-Mart that with the increase in world population, the potential market of Wal-Mart will increase but this will require Wal-Mart to integrate latest technological advancements in its delivery process. In this report, we are arguing that Wal-Mart should adopt the strategy of making joint ventures with local players (leaders). This will definitely make Wal-Mart a success as it is one of the leading brand names and possess well-reputed supply chain management throughout the world. With the death of Sam Walton, the doors of opportunities for Wal-Mart were restricted in United States. This was not the main reason. The primary reason was that the market of US was saturated for Wal-Mart which forces Wal-Mart to expand its operations to global markets. (Das 2008 19-33) OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Threats Expanding globally is not an easy task. It seems that expansion to international market is not difficult for a retailer like Wal-Mart. But this not the true case. There are certain threats for markets for expanding to international market. There are discussed below: Supply Chain Management It is a fact that Wal-Mart is considered to be the pioneers of implementation of systems and processes. In fact, when it comes to information systems, Wal-Mart can be called as the founders. It is Wal-Mart, who possesses a very strong and reliable information system from production to delivery. The distribution network of Wal-Mart is said to be the most effective and efficient in the world. It was in 1997 when Wal-Mart realized that the existing supply chain management is not enough to fulfill the needs of Korean market. The existing supply chain was more than sufficient for the local market, but it proved to be a failure in the host market. One of the major reasons for this gap was that in Korea, there was no existence of any compatible supply chain infrastructure which can provide support to the supply chain integration technology of Wal-Mart. Additionally, the Koraen distribution channel was a mismatch to high-tech and system supported supply chain strategies of Wal-Mart. A soluti on to this problem was for Wal-Mart to create some relations with supply-chain partners, but this process was too slow due to lazy market attributes and non-technical mindsets. (Sandelands 2004 5-14) National Cultures and Sub-Cultures Another key issue for Wal-Mart in global expansion was the difference of cultures. Management of Wal-Mart believed that standardized products will meet their targets all over the world. They forget that different people belong to different cultures and have different cultural needs. An example of such attribute is that Wal-Mart insisted its sales representatives not to pass a smile during sales. Many of the shoppers complained that it seems that the sales representatives are flirting with customers by passing a smile. Similar case occurred in China. Chinese customers wanted fresh food which is harvested in front of the customers. Or at least the animal should be killed spontaneously. There was a high resistance for this demand by Wal-Mart but later the company recognized this as a cultural need and implemented the same in China. (Malnight 2005 119-141) Global Pricing and Discounting Strategy People want discounts. Different cultures have different pricing strategies. The global expansion in China, Germany and Britain posed a pricing threat to Wal-Mart. In these markets, the local retailers have very well established pricing strategies which creates a best match between the pricing patterns and the demands and habits of the respective local customers. Breaking the ice in these markets and setting competitive prices is one of the most challenging tasks for Wal-Mart. (Terptsra and Sarathy 2004 88) Opportunities Wal-Mart has an opportunity to create alliances with the local retailers or other entities in order to cater the global market more effectively and effectively. Global expansion will create an opportunity for Wal-Mart to introduce outlets at various global locations. This will help Wal-Mart to enlarge its market share by expanding to a number of consumer markets in Asia and all over the world. Expansion to global markets will provide an opportunity to Wal-Mart for reducing costs of production. The new markets will also give Wal-Mart an opportunity to benefits from various tax structures which are business-friendly. Also the company can benefit from low cost of labor and raw materials in different parts of the world. (Philip and Doole 2004 332) ANALYSIS The strategy currently followed by Wal-Mart is termed as everyday low prices strategy. This strategy is very profitable in United States. But if we talk about Korea and Japan, this strategy is totally a failure. The reason for this everyday low price strategy failure is that consumers in Korea and Japan are prestige conscious. They feel good buying expensive products but with highest quality. (Paliwoda 2008 192) The market saturation of United States and ethnocentric predisposition of Wal-Mart made a gateway for global expansion. In global strategy, companies generally standardize their products which results in ignorance of the needs of local customers. This really is a big flaw and Wal-Mart should address this by creating a separate local strategy for US. (Bradley 2007 69) The main problem in global expansion for Wal-Mart was integrating the cultural needs of the customers. This was faced by Wal-Mart in Japan and Korea. Wal-Mart was unable to create culturally acceptable stores in both locations. (Axtell 2009 45-49) Additionally, Wal-Mart faced some distribution channel problems in these locations as well. In case of Japan, customers want highest quality even if they are bound to pay maximum price. This trend of pricing made Wal-Mart a failure in Japan as Wal-Mart was focusing on low price strategy. (Dixie 2008 72) RECOMMENDATIONS Supply Chain Management Formation of Joint Ventures (JV) with Local Retailers Joint ventures are a major source of entering in a new market. Wal-Mart should create joint ventures in major locations where profitability has been forecasted. For joint ventures, foreign entities require brand name and repute which Wal-Mart already has. For example, if Wal-Mart choose to expand to Brazil, it would be mandatory for Wal-Mart to create local presence. This can be in the form of joint ventures or partnerships. This is a governmental requirement which has to be abide by. This will help Wal-Mart to share the risk of doing business in a new location as the partner or joint venture firm will be there to help Wal-Mart cater this. This is also very true for Asian and Arab countries. (Mkandawire 2006 129 -132) Divide Products into High-End and Low-End Categories Product division into high end and low end categories can prove to be a very significant strategy for Wal-Mart. As discussed earlier, Japanese want highest quality products and they are willing to pay higher prices. Categorizing products into high end and low end categories will definitely provide support for these types of markets. Additionally, the food products in local markets might vary which requires Wal-Mart to maintain a wide portfolio of food products. In order to meet these needs, Wal-Mart should have enough knowledge about local tastes and preferences.    (Cain 2005 58) Differentiation against Others that Offer Low-Price Store-Brand Products Wal-Mart should adopt the strategy of making some differentiation between the stores that are in urban areas with that of their counterparts in the suburbs. This should be done to cater the demands of the individual customers as the customers in urban areas are very different from those in suburbs; their demands, shopping habits, preferences, etc. Additionally, it is a fact that local retailers have a very strong grip over the market. So, in order to expand in an international market, Wal-Mart should focus on the needs of customers according to their respective areas. Wal-Mart should adopt local norms, strong distribution channels and information system integration in order to expand internationally. (Helmberger and Patson 2009 102) National Cultures and Sub-Cultures Cultural Awareness Cultures and behaviors play a very significant role in development of habits and preferences of the customers. Wal-Mart should consider the cultural preferences of individual markets internationally so as to have a grip on market instantly. For example, in Japanese culture, low price means that the quality is also low and it is very insulting for Japanese customers to opt for a low quality product. On the other hand, in third world countries, people are always looking for low price and high quality. So, Wal-Marts strategy of low prices can be a success in third world countries like Pakistan, India, etc. while the same strategy would be a failure in case of Japan or Korea. So, Wal-Mart should frame its strategy according to the local culture of individual markets. Introducing a standardized strategy all over the world will be a failure for Wal-Mart.         (Dixie 2008 72) Make Public Relations a Core Competency Core competencies are those strengths on which the company can rely in its hard times as well. In order to succeed internationally, Wal-Mart should work on making public relations its core competency. Also it is very important for Wal-Mart to contribute something to the society or community in which it is operating and expanding. This will definitely create a very positive image of Wal-Mart on the host community/country.   (Mkandawire 2006 129 -132) Global Pricing and Discounting Strategy One price fits all doesnt suits while the company is expanding internationally. Wal-Mart should find out different pricing and discount packages which match the demands, preferences and purchasing power of the individual customers in the host country. Different cultures have different pricing preferences. Wal-Mart should design its pricing and discount policy according to the preferences and acceptance of local customers. This will definitely help Wal-Mart to successfully expand in international markets. (Cain 2005 58) CONCLUSION In conclusion, we can say that Wal-Mart should adopt different strategies for different markets. It would not be wrong to say that One Strategy Doesnt Fits All. This requires Wal-Mart to identify and analyze different markets having opportunities for it. In case of Japan, Wal-Mart will have to change its strategy but in case of third world countries, the same strategy of Always Low Price can reap the fruits of success for Wal-Mart. These are some recommendations which Wal-Mart should adopt to remain one of the largest retailers of the world.