Tutorial answers

If the system already exists, different scenarios can be tried using he model before tests being carried out on the real system. Alternatively if the system does not exist, the model can be used to help decide on the final design of a system. Often there are constraints on the design that need to be investigated e. G. Constraints on cost, space, etc. Modification to systems once they exist can be expensive hence it is important to try and get design of systems ‘right-first-time' and this is where modeling and simulation can be useful engineering tools.Example: see lecture notes weekly under section Why is modeling important ?. 2 See notes 3. Components of system Inputs Outputs States Environment Tank Valve Pipes Inlet Flows of A and B Liquid level Level change in tank Upstream of inlet to tank and downstream of outlet valve 4. See notes 5. See notes 6. Bookwork (as coursework 1) TUTORIAL ANSWERS 2 El . A proportional relationship for a component is here considered to be an unch anging relationship (and is often referred to in modeling terms as a constitutive or physical relationship).These are the natural physical laws which the individual components of the system obey e. G. For an electrical system, the relationship between voltage and current and in the special case of an ideal resistor – Ohm's Law FRR. I E. Kerchiefs Current Law : algebraic summation of all currents flowing into a junction of a network is zero. Kerchiefs Voltage Law: algebraic summation of all voltages acting around a loop of a circuit is zero. Examples – see section 2. 2. Of lecture notes. E. The impedance of an element is its voltage:current ratio.Multiple Choice: Electrical Systems El(b) E(C) Problems: Electrical Systems El . 3. 3 0, Ohm's Law is obeyed since the resistance is constant as the voltage varies Q. 40 A E. IV E. (a) 4. 4 0 (b) 16 (c) 4. 4 E. (a) 0. 68 V (b) 0. 47 V (c) 0. 34 V E. (a) 0. 2 V, 205 ma (b) 1. 03 V, 52 ma (c) 1. 16 V, 193 ma E. = 30/84 v = 0. 357 *12 volts = 4. Volts E. VI = 366/191 = 1. 92 V, TUTORIAL ANSWERS 3 MI . (I) spring f = xx= k(XSL -xx) where x is the displacement (or extension) and k is the proportionality constant called the spring constant with units of force/displacement e. . N/m. Damper f = BE k(FL – vi) where v is the velocity and B is the proportionality constant called a viscous friction coefficient or constant. Its dimension is force/velocity e. G. NSA/m. MM. See lecture notes. The force balance law demands that (a the acceleration). Analogies: This is analogous to Kerchiefs voltage law, particularly if one treats the inertia acceleration as an equivalent force. Note: In order to model a mechanical system, the usual practice is to form a free body diagram around each inertia (mass) component.One will then end up with a set of simultaneous differential equations, the solution of which dictates the dynamics and constitutes the system model. In the case where there are no mass components, then ensure a force balance at selected points in the system. That is the net force acting on any point must be zero, I. E. Multiple Choice: Mechanical Systems MI . G) MM. (a,b) Problems: Mechanical Systems MI. O. AN MM. 0. 05 arms Question/ Variable (NSA/m) 812 834 Biota I 2 1217 24/19= 1 . 263 4 15/8 60/47 = 1 . 276 Questions: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH .A system is said to be in equilibrium when its behavior is steady I. E its output and inputs are unchanging. For the liquid level system with an inlet and outlet flow, this corresponds to the inlet and outlet flows being the same. Multiple Choice: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH. (b) TFH. (c) Problems: Thermal and Fluid Systems TFH . The flow cannot be assumed to be laminar as the proportionality constant is not inner as the flow increases through the pipe I. E. I/R resistance (Pa. s/mm) 3 TUTORIAL ANSWERS 4 IQ .Methods that can be used to determine the gradient of the straight line at t=2 sec are: (I) plot a graph and determine where t=2 or (it) differentiate x(t) with respect to t and substitute t=2. Q. (a) Q. See lecture notes Q. Completing the table gives: Electrical Component Equation Mechanical Component Rotational Component Inductor Inertia Rotating inertia Resistor Damper Capacitor Spring Torsion's spring Q. (a) Using free body diagram on the mass-damper system of Fig. 5. 1, the mass and ampere can be considered to be in parallel.Force balance gives: where: Hence: (b) Similarly for the spring-damper system of Fig. 5. 2 Force balance gives: where: , (c) For the rotational pulley of Fig. 5. 3, a torque balance is required: Torque balance gives:and where:, , Q. (a) For a resistor and capacitor in series of Fig. 6. 1 Apply Kerchiefs Voltage Law gives: (b) For a resistor and inductor in series of Fig. 6. 2 where: , , (c) For a 5 resistors and a capacitor system of Fig. 6. 3, observe that this is nearly the same system as shown in Tutorial Sheet 2 Problem E but with the addition of the opacity.Hence: where: with and H ence as in Qua. : Q. Q. Material balance on tank: rate of change of mass floodwater = mass flow in – mass flow out assume constant density 0 and area: Given: , A = 7 mm, R = 0. 14 her/mm and Sin = 100 mm/her substituting gives: Tutorial Answers 5, 6 IQ Bookwork straight from notes: Ask in a tutorial if stuck and/or use MENTAL to generate solutions and check against you work. E. G. For 1st of these t=alliances(O,2,100); ext=subs(x,t); fugue(l reset Q: Throughout Q assume a model of the form Steady-state is 0. 6. Initial value is -1. Rise is given as 1. . 63% of rise is given by which implies x(t) has this value at about t=O. 25 sec and therefore T=O. 25, Steady-state is 30. Initial value is 2. Rise is given as 28. 63% of rise is given by 0. 63*28=17. 64 which implies x(t)=19. 64. X(t) has this value at about t=5 sec and therefore T=5, k=30. Steady-state is 50. Initial value is 20. Rise is given as 30. 63% of rise is given by 0. 63*30=18. 9 which implies x(t)=38. 9. X(t) has th is value at about t=50 sec and therefore T=50, k=50. Q: Maximum current is at t=O and given as V/R: Therefore R=V/I = 5/0. 004 = mashes.Time constant is given by ARC, so T=ms implies that C=. 005/1250 = 4 micro. Q: Parameters give a time constant of cosec so after 30 sec aircraft at 95% of steady-state land speed. 1 MPH is the same as mutterer pH or (1609/3600)m/s MPH is the same as mom/s Steady-state is given as f/B. Therefore min f required is BIB [ scaled by (11. 95) to be precise]. Q: Model is Bad/dot +xx=f or (B/k) DXL/dot +x =f/k Desired time constant is about 0. Sec, therefore (B/k)=O. 8 so k=NON/m Steady-state displacement is given as (1 /k)f = 0. 04, and therefore f=AN is required. Tutorial Answers 7 1 .Find the Lovelace transform of the following signals: Students should use MENTAL to check their working here, e. G. Ray the command: 2. Use partial fractions, a lookup table and inverse Lovelace to find the underlying signals with the following transforms. Students should us e MAT to check their working, e. G. 3. What is the final value for signals with the following transforms? Use the Pit but note that: (I) there is no final value if the signal is divergent which is the case for 5th (obvious from negative sign) and (it) for convergent signals, the final value must be zero if there is no integrator.Hence only 2nd and 6th have a non-zero values which must be 4 and 0. 5 respectively. 4. Which of the following transforms has the fastest settling time? What are the settling times to within 5% of steady-state? Time constants are negative inverses of poles. One can estimate time to 5% error as approximately three times slowest time constant (exact for 1st order but no strict generalization when many poles due to uncertainty about partial fractions). Time constant is the negative inverse of the pole. So pole at -0. 25 gives T=4, etc. 5. Sketch the poles and zeros of the following transforms on an Regard diagram.By marking the LAP and RAP clearly, hence determ ine which represent stable and unstable behavior. Students should use MENTAL to check their working for his, for example, doing 4th as follows will produce a fugue with poles marked in Y and zeros in ‘o': Systems are stable if and only if all the poles are in the LAP – the origin is counted as being in the LAP. The positions of the zeros do not affect stability. Tutorial Answers 8 1 . The inverse Lovelace transform of a transfer function is called the â€Å"impulse response function†. If a system has an impulse response function given by g(t) t(l-sin(t)).Compute its transfer function, G(s). 2. Use Lovelace methods to solve the following ODE equations. 3. Give examples of type O, type 1 and type 2 systems. Has does this affect the expected behavior? Bookwork 4. Which of the following transforms for 1st order ODES has the highest gain? What are the gains? What are the time constants? Determine and sketch the step responses for each of these. Gains are 4, 3, 1. 5 an d 1. 125 respectively. Time constants are 4, 0. 2, 1. 25, 0. 5 respectively. As these are 1st order, sketching step response follows same procedures as tutorial 5,6.Tutorial Answers 9, 10 1 . Bookwork – read some control text books to broaden your views on the uses and potential of control. 2. This is also straight from the notes but your understanding will also be improved by some wider reading. Don't Just stick to your main discipline, but look at examples from chemical, aerospace, automotive, medical, electrical, biological, etc. 3. Straightforward application of the Pit. 2nd set has an integrator and hence the offset is known to be zero. Otherwise, use formula. Confirm this with MENTAL, I. E. Plot is seen to settle at 0. 52 4. The 1st part is taken direct from the lecture slides so not repeated here. The closed-loop time constant and rise time are: Time constant +AKA), closed-loop game = AKA/(I+AKA), where A=4/5, -r=o. 2 Hence 0. 2/(1 +K/5)O. 8 which gives K >4+3. K or 0. K>4 or K>5. Confirm this using MENTAL, ii. Use G=TFH(4,[1 %% plot in a figure It is clear that the time closed loop pole polynomial is (s+ [1 +AKA]/T) and hence the pole is in the LAP for all positive K which implies closed-loop stability. Discussion of large K is bookwork – read some text books. 5.This question is designed to make a student think and experiment. To meet specifications, the closed-loop is given as Clearly the steady-state gain is unity as expected so the offset requirement is met. The closed-loop poles are determined from the roots of the denominator and we want the poles to be to the left of -2. 5 ‘e. (s+2. 5) is equivalent to (0. As+1). Both roots can be placed at 2. 5 if In the future students will recognize that lower values of K will give a slower pole and higher values of K will give rise to oscillation. 6. Standard question.Form closed-loop transfer function and find characteristic polynomial for all 3 cases. You will need to do the partial frac tions for all 3 and sketch, but you can use MENTAL to check your answers. E. G form the three closed-loop transfer functions and then type feedback(GO,GO,GO) to see all 3 together. N.B.: 63 is seem 2 content. Clearly Just proportional is fastest, but gives a large offset. GIG is smooth (2 real poles) ND no offset. But poles are well spaced so this is conservative. 63 has similar response time to GIG (same slowest time constant), but has complex poles and thus oscillation.Conclusion, PI is best! Typical exam type question outline answer a) Let the internal temperature be given as T degrees. The rate of heat supplied is given as: The heat loss OHIO(T+50) Hence the temperature is given by: In steady-state we desire T=20 which implies that b) If the external temperature drops by 10 degrees, then the model becomes: which implies the new steady-state temperature will be 6 degrees! The time constant is clearly 1000 sec. Students should sketch a graph showing the temperature moving from 20 to 6 with the appropriate time constant. ) If the heat input from the passengers is increased, the model becomes In the case, the change in temperature is negligible which suggests that for this scenario the key factor is the external temperature and heaters rather than any heat coming from the passengers. D) Clearly the open-loop choice of voltage does not maintain the temperature correctly in general and so some control is needed. It is known that the correct steady-state can only be achieved in the presence of uncertainty if integral action is included.The steady-state error too change in desired temperature is given by because K(O) is infinite, irrespective of changes in the gain of G or disturbances such as changes in external temperature! Students should first put the equations for the model and integral control law into Lovelace transforms about the steady-state: Hence The closed-loop transfer function is given as Students should validate that the time constants are reasonabl e and that the closed- loop is stable! The time constants are given from the roots of the closed-loop denominator. Students should note that these are similar to the original time constant and thus satisfactory.

An Essay on the Characteristics and Development of Ancient City-States Essay

A city-state is defined as an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as part of a local government. Through reading the articles of Larson, Westenholz, and Neihmer it becomes apparent that city-states differ depending on the region and time they are in, and the purpose they serve. The three specific examples that come to mind are the Phoenicians, Assyrians, and the Sumerians. All three of these had unique characteristics that define each society; however, all three societies displayed enough similarities to make them definable as ancient city-states. One of the defining characteristics of a city-state is the fact that it is a self-governing and self-sufficient entity. Ancient city-states provided the first clear evidence for social stratification and most city-states contained a ruling family or dynasty, which controlled the city-state and it’s surrounding hinterlands by managing the land, water, and other natural resources. Each city state also contained a council of elders which helped the ruling family serve as a controlling body of local policy. However in Assyrian city-states there also existed a year-eponymy, which was a person who was elected for a single year to serve as the head of the city hall. He acted as the head of the city and carried out the executive orders form the higher officials suchas the king and the elders. In Sumerian city states, kings were referred to as â€Å"ensi† or â€Å"lugal† which were names that were meant to display to citizens his power and importance, and made his rule indisputable within society. Kings were relied upon to build not only monumental structures and temples for their respective deities, but also to maintain a functional infrastructure. In Phoenician city states, The king was landlord of pretentious places and sacrificial buildings. This display exists in many city- states and not only in Phoenician culture. The king demonstrated his power through buildings such as tombs and temples, but however, he was also the leading figure in charge of maintenance of public places, and in most cities, the defensive wall. There is sufficient evidence of city-walls consistently across all ancient city-states, but the reason these walls existed remains unclear. There is no archaeological evidence of warfare, or conflict between city- states. One of the most logical reasons for these walls to exist was to serve a symbolic purpose because the interior area would be posses a more clear political identity. The Assyrians, in dealing with enemies, took a unique and strict political regime that limited trade and dealings with other city-states, and as evidenced by the archaeological record, in a letter. Their particular rule stated that if any merchant traded with a Akkadian Amorite or a Subariean, then the merchant would be put to death. Laws such as this one established a clear political stance that many cities held on many issues concerning interactions with outsiders. Though The city ruler acted as the city god’s human deputy and managed the assets of the city as a whole. there is also sufficient evidence for long- distance trade. City- states developed in Phoenician, Assyrian, and Sumerian society as important trade resources and had a significant impact on culture. Prominent city-states were key to cultural development because they were able to support local artisans and were key centers of trade, which enabled different cultures to influence one another. Sumerian city-states were located in key trade locations because their own agricultural opportunities were scarce, and they heavily relied on the trade of barley, beer and textiles to other places in order to obtain food resources form elsewhere in order to support their population. In Assyrian society, the economy was controlled by ruling families and therefore, trade was regulated depending on the ruling class. These city-states productivity was dependent upon the weather for that year, so trade would fluctuate depending on the success of the season. For Phoenician city- states, there is sufficient archaeological evidence for long- distance trade, shown in the influence and presence of foreign art and style. Furthermore, archeological evidence is supplied in the discovery of cylinder seals, which were used to ensure the authenticity of the item being traded or shipped, and ensure its condition, if the seal remained unbroken. Key developments in ancient city- states are displayed in the changes of city plan’s and architecture, as well as further developments in trade. In some cases, cities were set up in tribute to a specific deity. These cities were mainly located on a hill, with a temple on the highest point, with the rest of the city built around the center temple. These temples not only served as places of religious worship and practice, but also served as cultural and economic centers. A distinguishing characteristic of many ancient city- states is, dominant palaces, temples†¦of sometimes monumental size and form†¦lie next to tightly knit living quarters traversed by an irregular network of streets, and in most cases these cities had irregular and unique city plans from one another. The proximity of the households to the temple showed the importance and the involvement of the temple in the daily life of the citizens. Furthermore, the layout of the city also demonstrates social stratification.

Inventory, Management, and Scheduling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inventory, Management, and Scheduling - Essay Example In this system, rather than placing the inventory in the centralized warehouses, it is placed in small stockpiles conventionally referred to as kanban at strategic points along the assemble line. â€Å"Both [lean manufacturing and the Total Quality Management (TQM)] strategies empower workers on the assembly line, in the belief that those closest to production have the greatest knowledge of how the production system should work† (Blacharski, 2011). Example of the lean manufacturing system can be of a car manufacturing company that takes the order for making a certain type and number of tyres for a day, and the producers are required to deliver them within a limited time to a certain loading bay. Companies benefit from the lean manufacturing because the use of kanban serves to cause a considerable reduction in the amount of waste along with bringing a manifold improvement in the overall productivity of the work. Lean manufacturing also ensures that the work is accomplished in accordance with the consumers’ expectations about the quality of the product. In order to achieve this, each part is analyzed for defects immediately after its creation. In case a defect is noticed, functioning of the production line comes to a halt in order to allow the analysts to determine the problem in its very initial stages. Requirements for balancing JIT and lean systems include commitment of all departments of aligning with a unified goal that is acknowledged and approved by the top management so that planning can be done and resources can be arranged in time accordingly. Initial stages of implementation of lean system require a lot of financial commitment. In order to achieve the required level of efficiency in the system, it is imperative that employees are adequately empowered. Production decisions should be allowed to be made at the lowest level in the hierarchy of the organization structure. Employees that are the most affected if a company decides to switch to a

Information Studies on Volkswagen Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Studies on Volkswagen - Case Study Example Concluding that the key goal of making mass customized products is to provide a product that customers wanted and when they wanted to use it. The advantage of manufacturing a product such as a Volkswagen from a customer’s perspective is that a customer enjoys the product of their choice for a long time. The other advantage is that there are no surprise prices for the customer while buying. Lastly, customers also get to buy cars that meet their needs. The downside is that the company has to sell it at higher prices which are expensive for customers. The car may at the time not be customized the way a customer wants and one has to pay for charges for having the car delivered to your destination. VW’s mass customization approach faces problems from other competitors because of the dealer because the dealer can replicate the approach used by VW to offer their own way of â€Å"designing and building your own car†. In addition, VW mass customization technique also requires the integration of information systems. Information systems at the tactical and operational level in selling play a major role on e-commerce websites because the systems allow customers to submit their selection and options through the site. The e-commerce website also contains an application where all calculations are made and sent to the client. When it comes to the role of the information system at a tactical and operational level the application and business decisions integrated at the e-commerce website are based on the profile analysis of client. The profile analysis is only enabled through customer relationship management. Prior to the implementation of the CRM, SCM and e-commerce system, I would have suggested 3 main benefits to the CIO at VW.

Electric Field Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Electric Field Simulation - Essay Example Through COMSOL Multiphysics we discovered the results after simulating an electric field by using 2D and 3D of the electrostatic module. These modules provided many kinds of movement in the electric field for the three electrodes, which were energised with +1V, 0V, and -1V electrical voltages. Also, the strong and weak points are posted between the three electrodes and show the electric potential of the field. Finally, this paper will show the form of the distribution of electric potential and electric field between the three electrodes for the above mentioned conditions. Introduction: After Michael Faraday discovered the electric field, he developed electricity into something practical that could be used in many technologies, especially microsystem devices. According to James Clear Maxwell, â€Å"the portion of space in the neighborhood of electrified bodies† is called an electric field [1]. At present, there are several applications used that are related to microtechnology a nd are beneficial to our lives. A good application in medicine is biology cells within medical laboratories. In this way, application is applied to the electric field to move cells and separate or analyze cells via impact electric forces. The movement, separation, and analyzing is done through a technique known as AC electrokinetics. This technique occurs when an electric field interacts with dipoles, but it depends on forces between repulsion and rotation by altering the nature of the dynamic field [2]. This new technique is beneficial in biotechnology because of the electric field [3]. Also, the AC electrokinetics technique depends on a delicate process known as dielectrophoresis. This is â€Å"the migration of uncharged particles towards the position of maximum field strength in a non-uniform electric field† [4]. The basic principle operation of dielectrophoresis is by deference of electromagnetic and dielectric properties. For example, the separation of cancer cells is be hind the electrodes, while the natural cells move away from the electrodes due to variations of the electric field [5]. Figure 1 shows the forces of attraction and repulsion between cancer cells and normal cells. Fig.1. Basic Principle of Dielectrophoresis An electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be exerted on other charged particles or objects. It is defined as an area between two charges and then there is a force (positive or negative) exerted [6]. The forces exerted on the test charge will be directly proportional to another charge according to Coulomb’s law [7]: Fe ? q1 q2 If divide the forces on the test charge: E=Fe /q ' Where E = electric field (N/C) and F = force (N) and q' = charge on test charge (C) Also, according to Coulomb’s law, we can find E where: = the permittivity of free space Then we can calculate the electric flux by using Gausses’ law [8]: Q = ? E.d There is a relationship between the elec tric field and electric potential if the electric potential is identified in an action area, then we can calculate the value of the electric field by: dV = - E.d. However, the electric potential consists of lines called equipotential lines. There is a direct correlation between the electric field lines and the energy of electric potential because the first one always puts the electric potential of direction that causes dropping electric potential [9], whereas, in this case, we are dealing with an accelerometer that

Wireless technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wireless technology - Essay Example There is no government regulation (worldwide) controlling use of it. Infrared has immunity to electro-magnetic and RF interference. In addition, Infrared communication is secure and separate infrared installation can be operated in every room in a building without interference. Limitation of it is that infrared signals cannot penetrate solid objects and affected by the light, snow, ice, and fog. The term narrowband microwave refers to the use of a microwave radio frequency band for signal transmission, with relatively narrow bandwidth: just wide enough to accommodate the signal, typically 12.5 kHz or 25 kHz. Because of it works in very short bandwidth, therefore it comes in licensed and unlicensed categories. Unlicensed (ISM) Narrowband microwave works in three bandwidth spectrum (900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.7 GHZ). It can provide a data rate from 1to 20 Mbps. Narrow bandwidth combined with high power results in larger transmission distances that are available from 900 MHz or 2.4 GHz spread spectrum systems, which have lower power levels and wider bandwidths. UHF wireless data communication systems normally transmit in the 430 to 470 MHz frequency range, with rare systems using segments of the 800 MHz range. The lower portion of this band 430-450 MHz is often referenced as unprotected (unlicensed) and 450-470 MHz is referred to as the protected (licensed) band. It has a range of ap proximately 100 meter for indoor and 1 to 2 miles for outdoor. The main advantage of UHF is its range. The disadvantage of these technologies (UHF) is its low throughput. RF license are required for protected bands that are provided by radio authorities in each country who regulate and license specific frequencies to users. (Guide to Wireless LAN Technologies) The most commonly used Wireless technology is spread spectrum that can provide a data rate up to 20 Mbps. Because the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) does not require site licensing for the bands used by

Economic Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Economic Report - Essay Example Percent Change in real GDP: As is evident from the description of the GDP figures, the percentage changes in real GDP during the period happened to be in proportion. In 1982 the negative growth of GDP indicates towards some serious issues in the domestic economic environment. But thereafter, the growth percentage has been consistent and positive. Year 1984 saw the maximum increase in percentage terms. Civilian Unemployment Rate: The year 1982 is once again seen as the problematic year for the country with the overall unemployment rate rising to 9.7 percent, the highest during the tenure. The gradual decline of the unemployment rate in later years during the tenure points towards the people friendly policies taken up by the government of Ronald Reagan. Civilian Unemployment Rate by Demographic Characteristics: Dividing the unemployment rate demographically, we find that that the Black population seems to be the worst affected. The situation is particularly severe in the age groups of young black community (16-19 yrs). Though it improves somewhat after that, but still things remain worrying for community. Consumer Price Index: The CPI did not see major shakeup during the tenure of President Ronald Reagan. The index saw a consistent rise from 1981 to 1989. The index seems to have spread well over different items, with goods and services forming the major component flaring up the consumer price index. Starting with the overall consumer price index of 90.6 in 1981, the country saw the index rising to 124 by the year 1989. Changes in Consumer Price Indexes for commodities and services: During the entire tenure of President Reagan, except the year 1986, the CPI rates of growth were very high. During this year the energy consumption seems to be one of the lowest actually, with negative growth of 19.7. George H.W. Bush (1989-1993): The tenure of Bush senior too remained quite eventful in the sense that the world saw major

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International marketing - Essay Example The Arab cuisine ay emphasis on the following items such as lamb and chicken preparation in the meat products, dairy products mainly consist of butter, yoghurt, white cheese and cream, herbs and spices that are mainly used are a mixture of mint and thyme known as za’atar, other spices include saffron, sesame, cumin, garlic, cinnamon, sumac, lentils comprise of chickpeas and favabeans, and most popular dressings of such cuisines comprise of olive oil, parsley, mint, etc. The company that is planning for its product launch in the international market is Al Qasr that is one of the famous names in Arabic cuisines and the restaurant chain is known for its Arabian delicacies, wide range of deserts and appetizers, and Lebanese cuisine. Al Qasr has been operating in Arabic regions for many years and meets the consumer tastes and preferences through its innovative dishes with traditional flavors. United States as the target market for the company offers great opportunity as the political conditions are stable of the country and even the consumer market has high disposable income and living standards. The demand is high in this market for Arabic cuisines because of its flavors and variety. Many companies have invested in this market because of its stable environmental factors and availability of raw materials, capital and labor. The target market for the Arabic cuisines to be launched by the company would be upper middle income and higher income group who prefer to dine at restaurants mostly in weekends. The other demographic factors comprise of age and for this specific cuisine the age group would be above 25 years who prefers to try out different cuisines apart from the fast food which are generally more preferred by the young generation under 20 years. Competition is very tough in the US market as it a hub for many companies serving different cuisines such as European

The Strategy of Alaska in Saudi Arabia Term Paper

The Strategy of Alaska in Saudi Arabia - Term Paper Example Alaska has an established Alaska Permanent Fund (APF)  that requires the government to invest at least a quarter of the revenue it earns from oil on behalf of its citizens. From these investments the APF has diversified mutual fund that has accumulated into a huge resource base in form of asset to the tune of about $28 billion dollar according to a report released in 2004 (Alaska Oil and Gas Association, 2015). Each year the government injects some amount from the oil revenue while they pay a dividend to the citizens annually through the Permanent Fund Divided scheme. For instance, in 2014 the government paid its citizens a total of $1,884 for each qualified Alaskan. The funds are managed through Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Alaska, oil revenue contributes about 92 percent of the total government revenue as of the year 2011. Half of the corporate shares are in the ownership of private and public pension and retirement schemes while individuals own 20% while 27% is owned by asset management companies and financial institutions (Alaska Oil and Gas Association, 2015). The board members and corporate executives own the remaining 3%. This has an implication that when the oil sector is performing well the benefits trickles down to the citizens equitably either through returns from mutual fund investments, pensions, etc. (Dyer & Al-Ghwell, 2012). Therefore, oil earnings benefit the citizens in many way including dividends, better economic growth from states and federal revenues, capital projects, and employment opportunities.

2ND PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

2ND PAPER - Essay Example Chances that the super power would diminish in the next decades are clearly high. The best positioned countries to challenge America’s prominence are found in East Asia and globally by China. (Abdelnour, Wesley & Herman pg57) It is believed that if Chinas economic growth continues consistently the next two decades just in the same pace as the last two decades, then it would surpass and rival the United States of America in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) .GDP is not measured in terms of dollar but in terms of purchasing power parity. Even if Chinas economic status does not does not reach the Americas standards, it is notable that the growth has created a fundamental political inspiration in the entire East Asia. The economic clout extends East Asia affecting both great powers and the developing countries due to enthusiasm for raw materials and competitive prices for low cost goods. China is resolute in climbing the technological ladder, a clear indication that it might affect United States of America economically. Already China is regarded as the most dominant military powerhouse in the entire East Asia thereby making significant strides creating excellence in the armed forces. The tense relationship between USA and Russia has been fuelled by Americans interest in Crimea with regard to the sanctions that have been attached to Russia recently by President Barrack Obama of the United States. Several banks have been blacklisted by the US government following the Russian infiltrations in Ukraine. Majority of Russian businessmen in the United States who have close links with Vladimir Putin have been expelled from the country. President Obama has also come with strategies to tame some parts of the Russian economy comprising both the oil and gas industries which form a bunch of Russians export. (Abdelnour, Wesley & Herman pg29) According to President Barack Obama, the action would interfere with the

Information and computer technology on banking Essay Example for Free

Information and computer technology on banking Essay For over a decade, the rapid advancement in information and communication technology has significantly affected the banking industry. The banking sector has embraced the use of technology to serve its client’s faster and also to do more with less. Emerging technologies have changed the banking industry from paper and branch based banks to â€Å"digitized and networked banking services†. Unlike before, broadband internet is cheap and it makes the transfer of data easy and first. Technology has changed the accounting and management system of all banks. And it is now changing the way how banks are delivering services to their customers. However this technology comes at a cost, implementing all this technology has been expensive but the rewards are limitless. The banking sector was one of the first to embrace rapid globalization and benefit significantly from IT development. The technological revolution in banking started in the 1950s, with the installation of the first automated bookkeeping machines at banks. This was well before the other industries became IT savvy. However, in Bangladesh the revolution started in 1990s. Present Status: A good number of technology driven services are provided to the customers by the Private Commercial Banks (PCBs), Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs)and Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs). The FCBs operating in Bangladesh like Standard Chartered Bank and HSBCare the pioneers to introduce technology driven banking facilities. Thesebanks provide services like ATM, debit card, credit card, Point of Sale (POS)services, internet banking, phone banking, any branch banking, ElectronicFund Transfer (EFT). Along with these services Standard Chartered Bank isproviding KIOSK service to its customers. Among the local banks, the PCBs are ahead of the NCBs in providingtechnology driven banking services. A limited number of technology drivenservices are being provided by the private Islamic banks in Bangladesh. For sending foreign remittance NCBs and some PCBs are working collaboratively with mobile phone service operators. Application of computer based services in Bangladesh: Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT), SWIFT and MICR cheque are being provided by all the banks. All the banks except Uttara Bank are providing any branch banking to the customers. All banks have debit card facilities for their clients except Citi Bank NA. First Security Islami Bank Limited, Uttara Bank Limited and Citi Bank NA have no own ATM booth. First Security Islami BankLimited is going to establish their own ATM booth. They have already selected the palce for 100 ATM booth and expect to launch within very short possible time.

The Benefits Of Implementing Effective Hse Policies Commerce Essay

The Benefits Of Implementing Effective Hse Policies Commerce Essay This report highlights the benefits of effective health and safety policies and practises. It presents a case study company that outlines the importance of implementing a good and effective HSE policy which can be initiated in other small to medium sized oil companies. The major result of the case study is that the case study company believed that improving health and safety was vital to operational risk management and business growth and as such went further to implement it. The key motivator for this initiative was the cost incurred by the company involving an oil spill incident in 2004. It was also discovered that the case study company did not keep a systematic nor comprehensive record of the costs or benefits of the companys operations prior to the 2004 incident. This prompted a change of HSE policy that benefited the company in terms of increased productivity and reduction of employee absence. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Personnel absent due to ill health and injuries % 35.00 32 28 20 10 Hospital bills incurred by company $ 55,000 50,000 42,000 30,000 20,000 Company productivity% 55 58 62 69 74 The implementation and constant supervision of HSE practices within an organisation will always be of benefit to the management and stakeholders as seen in the case of the CNC Oil Company; the case study company for this report. NOTE The CNC Oil Company, which is the case study company in this report, DOES NOT EXIST. This company was made up to highlight the benefits of implementing an effective HSE policy, demonstrating that good HSE practices are essential to the growth and productivity of businesses involving small to medium sized oil companies. ABBREVIATIONS SMOCs Small to Medium sized Oil Companies HSE Health, Safety and Environment SMO Small to Medium sized Oil ASSUMPTIONS ALL FIGURES AND TABLES IN THIS REPORT WERE ASSUMED FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Operational risks are associated with our everyday business lives in the oil and gas industry. Sometimes we take risks knowingly and other times, unknowingly. The likelihood of operational harm and disasters are influenced by the attitude to risk taken by employers and employees alike. BACKGROUND This case study have been prepared to help promote the responsibility for health, safety of lives and environment within the small and medium-sized oil companies (SMOC). The report will be taking a look at some of the positives that result from good and effective management of health and safety in the workplace. This report cuts across- The necessity to raise a case for health and safety improvements in order for the present day SMO companies around the world to become aware of the benefits in putting in place good and effective health and safety management Reaching a whole lot of other small to medium-sized oil companies, making them aware that health and safety is infact good for business. It is as important to see and plan for accidents, work related ill health and environmental hazards and destruction, as well as enjoy the benefit of effective health and safety management. Many oil and gas companies classified as small to medium sized fail to see this because they think it is too high leveled and are mainly concerned about the cost of risk management and prevention. Owing to this factor, there is a tendency to see a handful of fully worked up examples of cost and benefits of health and safety within the small to medium sized oil or gas companies. AIMS AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT The aim of this report is to produce a case study that emphasizes the benefits of implementing health and safety policies and practices to small and medium sized oil and gas companies. A persuasive case study is subsequently put in place to highlight the management of specific risks and improved employee involvement in SMOCs. 2.0 DISCUSSION It is extremely important to establish a business case for managing health and safety standards both for policy and practical purposes. Publishing clear business cases would very much make other companies try to implement and keep up safe and desirable working conditions. Looking at most major accidents occurring with the small to medium sized oil companies (SMOC) it is visible that these accidents happen due to ignorance of HSE policies and procedures and due to the low priority given to health and safety issues in these SMOCs. In Nigeria, the major cause for alarm is the increasing rate of poor occupational health and environmental hazards. These companies tend to neglect the importance of preserving the environment and turn their eyes from the effect this will have on the health of personnel and locals alike. Highlighting the oil spill in a village called Oloibiri, in the Niger Delta region which occurred in June 2004 spilling approximately 20,000barrels of crude it shows clearly how much importance is given to this sector. The village of Oloibiri and its surrounding neighborhood have yet to recover from this spill which was actually an abandoned project of a major oil company but subcontracted to CDC oil company; a smaller contractor oil company for well shut-in (name of major oil company with-held for security reasons). The CNC Oil Company had failed to make use of standard shut in equipments and they had failed to carry out maintenance on their project neglecting simple HSE practices thereby subjecting this entire village and its surrounding neighborhood to this catastrophic condition. During investigation into the cause of the spillage, it was discovered that the subcontractors failed to use standard piping materials and also failed to carry out regular maintenance on the operation. The Niger Delta region is constantly under incessant oil spill threat resulting from rusty sub-standard pipes that are being used by the contractor companies all in order to make more profit while neglecting their responsibilities in the department of health and safety and the June 2004 incident highlights this. While the negative impact caused by CNC Oil Companys lack of responsibility is very visible, it is important to take note that there was not a committee that kept the company in check. It is either they did not exist or their Authority and power was perhaps, greatly undermined. Operational and industrial accidents create a lot of distress and grief to all parties involved, from huge financial costs to negative publicity to which the subcontractor company can testify to. The suppliers, managers, local residents, shareholders employees and all other stakeholders are all interested and concerned when these industrial accidents occur since the oil company has to strike a balance between the different interests of these stakeholders. Lessons are sometimes learnt the hard way. It may take a lot of reduction in employee work rate, increase in recorded absentees from work, reduction in clients, and bad publications to ring the wakeup call for the implementation of effective HSE policies which was the case with the subcontractor company. 3.0 LESSONS LEARNT AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTURE It is never enough to carry out extensive investigations on the safety records of most SMOCs. Many of these small to medium sized oil companies usually adopt general health and safety methods which can only be demonstrated by management systems but cannot be proven due to poor record keeping. They fail to review these general methods and tend not to improve their HSE policies as it affects their companies, or they may just choose to ignore safety standards like the case involving the CNC Oil Company in June 2004. 3.1 NATURE OF THE BUSINESS CASE SMOCs do not generally do full quantitative cost benefit analysis and it is therefore not clear if they need it to be convinced of the case in difficult financial terms (Antonelli, Baker, Mcmahon and wright, 2006). An interesting and significant point that unites the SMOCs and the larger oil and gas companies is that the smaller companies also take risk management very serious. They are motivated to improve the health and safety of their personnel when the benefits are presented before them but are not always in the position to invest heavily towards this. The general key motivating issues are: maintaining good reputation; higher productivity especially reduction in absence of personnel; Containing cost of insurance; Abiding by the HSE laws, hereby preventing the likelihood of local HSE organizations taking any kind of actions against them; Meeting the demands of the clients; Avoiding the cost of accidents and remedial approaches. The case study company operates as a contractor company for larger oil companies. They provide services including well abandonment and shut-in operations. The perception of low health and safety risk in a company can drive clients to other companies with better track record in the HSE department to carry out their operations thereby increasing the need to implement good HSE policies in companies while bearing in mind that adequate time and finance is needed to achieve this in higher standards. The case study company in this report implemented new HSE policies which are regarded by organizations as an appropriate course of action to bring business benefits and health and safety improvement. (See appendix). IDENTIFYING THE BENEFITS AND THE COSTS. In any business, there is need to keep a sound record of company operations and HSE policies, as this is very essential to further improvements and growth of the company. The CNC Oil Company failed to keep this kind of record before the incident occurred in 2004 and were faced with the consequences. Many of the SMOCs in Nigeria do not have a predefined budget for health and safety in their initial stages because they did not feel the need to justify such information. This makes it difficult for them to track back how much have been spent or gained in relation to good and effective HSE practices and how to improve further their reputation in this aspect. The Table below depicts the record of CNC Oil Company after the 2004 accident. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Personnel absent due to ill health and injuries % 35.00 32 28 20 10 Hospital bills incurred by company $ 55,000 50,000 42,000 30,000 20,000 Company productivity% 55 58 62 69 74 Table 1. Summarised record of CNC Oil Company in 4years As represented by the table above, CNC Oil Company benefited from the introduction of a new HSE policy and strict adherence to the policy by both the employers and the employees played a vital role in the success they have incurred as at 2009. Therefore, Presenting the financial benefits in terms of reduction in absence rates, business interruption by locals due to accidents and operations that impact negatively to the health and environmental safety of their lands and families, productivity, better reputation, more clients etc, may help alter the attitudes towards health and safety, showing that it is not simply a compliance or personnel welfare issue (Antonelli, Baker, Mcmahon and wright, 2006). CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTURE HSE contractors and departments in various companies must emphasize the importance of improving the health and safety standards of employees and also work out policies to safeguard the surrounding environment in order to contribute to the growth of the company and the community where they are situated. With this in mind, considerations can be given to the following in the future: In the case of the Nigerian oil spill in the Niger delta region, a health, safety and environment governmental body should be put in place and given adequate tools and power to clamp down on companies that do not regard or follow health and safety rules and regulations in their operations inside the Nigerian border; Small to medium sized oil companies should evaluate the impact of the case studies who they work for, who they dont work for and, Baker, why (Antonelli Mcmahon and wright, 2006); Educate and train staff and company contractors about the influence that good or effective and bad or in-effective health and safety practices may bring to the company; Consider the potential for drawing on the extensive knowledge and experience of the health and safety inspectors to identify small to medium sized oil companies who manage health and safety well (Antonelli Mcmahon and wright, 2006); Keep track of the costs or benefits that health and safety has on the operations of the company and try to improve the values from previous years; It is essential that the communities where these companies carry out their operations are well taken care of. The livelihood of the locals usually depends on their environment and health; hence it is essential to take into consideration ways to improve the lives of the people while identifying possible hazards that may harm their lives. 4.0 CONCLUSION SMOCs should operate effective HSE policies to help them meet safety objectives, productivity targets and improve business opportunities. Regular records should be kept to help identify areas of improvement in the company and provide a track record for clients and all shareholders. Investing in effective HSE policies should be one of the major businesses of SMOCs so that they can attain set standards and objectives, and enhance their reputation. There are lots of business benefits associated with implementing effective HSE policies and encouraging strict adherence to these policies. These benefits should be exploited by the SMOCS. REFERENCE A. Antonelli, M. Baker, A. Mcmahon, M. Wright Six SME case studies that demonstrate the business benefit of effective management of Occupational health and safety. Crown, 2006. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOC Operating an effective health, safety and environment policy. Further reading can be found at http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/boc/operating-an-effective-safety-health-and-environmental-policy/conclusion.html#axzz2Cz7sRYST. (Website assessed 18/11/2012) Frank W Bond, Paul E Flaxman, Sharon Loivette A Business case for the management standards for stress. Crown, 2006. H. Hoel, K. Sparks, C.L. Cooper. The cost of violent/ stress at work and the benefits of a violence/stress- free working environment. Geneva: International Labour Organization 2006.

The Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia

The Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia INTRODUCTION Manufacturing sector in Malaysia began to grow rapidly since the early 1980s when the country witnessed the transition from an agricultural economy to one based on industry. In addition, Malaysia began to implement a strategy to diversify its economy with the goal of becoming the country focused on economic activities with higher added value, and also reduce excessive focus on commodity upstream, namely tin and rubber. From that Malaysian government launch industrial policy in 1980s there are National Industrial Policy and Industrial Master Plan and has achieved remarkable growth. This major shift happen when the country realize that they needs to reduce dependence on imports, and the need to create technology-based sectors to ensure the success of the national economy. Today, the manufacturing industry is the fastest growing industry and become one of the countrys economic development factors. In the past, economic development in Malaysia is moving up from light industries to more capital and knowledge-intensive industries. Today, the challenge is to move from low-value-added to high value-added activities within or across industries. The high value added activities is to improves the value of products or services to customers. For examples, high value added activities include designing products, delivering products, processing customer orders and improving product quality. BACKGROUND OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR The manufacturing sector has existed from the colonial era, but its contribution is small at the time, which is about 8% of national income. The economy at that time was dependent on the production of raw materials, especially tin and rubber for export. The industrial sector is only focused on the processing of ore into ingots, tin, and it is dominated by companies belonging to the British. Until 1929, Malaya was producing 50 % of world production of tin ingots. In addition, there is also evidence that before the year 1940, manufacturing activities involving other products were also carried out on a small scale. These activities are confined to areas like Penang British administration, Province Wellesley and Malacca. Export industry for 1940 only amounted to a total of 450,000 tin, but tin was increased to 1,800,000 in 1959. During the colonial period, without any government intervention to promote the development of the manufacturing sector. But in the late 1960s, the importance of process outputs estate industry has been steadily decreasing since his place was taken by the food processing industry. There are other industries that began to grow, involving goods, non-durable consumer goods, consumer durables, capital goods such as electrical and non-electrical machinery and transport equipment. During this period, a policy known as import substitution policies have been introduced. The aim of import substitution policy was introduced in order to reduce the outflow of money, to meet domestic demand. Goods previously imported are now encouraged to produce their own in states. Thus, the focus is on light industry produce soaps, beverages, footwear, clothing and rubber products. In the late 1960s, im port substitution industries switch from consumer goods to the production of capital goods and intermediate goods. From 1963 to 1968, its importance in terms of contribution to value added and employment in the manufacturing sector, which is very different variety. Product groups of food, rubber and wood still maintain their dominant position in terms of their contribution to the manufacturing sector. The basic metals, textiles and electrical machinery set the fastest growing, with an annual growth rate of over 30% per annum. Most of this increase is due to the substitution of imports and domestic market development. Resource-based manufacturing activities such as timber and rubber increased only modestly. In 1970s, the ratio of the value of manufacturing goods exported to manufacturing goods imported has increased from 29.4% to 47.1% over the decade. Since the 70s, the government as well as economic diversification has emphasized a more rapid growth of the industry to meet the requirements of the job and the New Economic Policy (NEP). In this case, the focus has been on industries and export-oriented industries that employ large numbers of workers. Start 80s, the program suffered another countrys industrial development through the promotion of heavy industry. It aims to strengthen the countrys industrial base and increase peoples skills in the field of higher technology. It also aims to speed up the process of industrialization. Government plays a direct role in designing, implementing, funding and managing heavy industries as the private sector is not able to bear the expense or risk in handling projects involves not only capital, but also only be able to return in time long. Although overall industrial development of the country in the years of the 60s, 70s and early 80s is satisfactory but a lot of problems and weaknesses still exist in this sector. For example, the growth of the export sector is not very satisfactory when compared with the domestic sector. Exports of manufactured goods that Malaysia too dependent on only a few industries such as electrical and electronics and textiles. Product quality as well as a whole is not very satisfactory and cannot compete with the products of foreign countries. This is due to the low level of technology and lack of skills of local people to improve or renew technology received from outside. The established industries are also less value added as much devoted to assembly activities only. Therefore, if the industrial sector is expected to continue to play a key role in national development, it is necessary to set up long-term goals supported by development policies and strategies that are new. 3.1 IMPORTANT OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR 3.11 Economic Growth and Increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The manufacturing sector plays important role in economic growth and increase our gross domestic product. It is because the majority of these projects are in high value and high-growth industries. The proof is, for the first five month of 2013, MIDA had approved a total of 17 automotive projects with investments of RM0.6 Billion. Many global automotive companies and international component manufacturers have established their operation in Malaysia, including Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mercedes Benz, Volvo, BMW, Peugeot, Volkswagen, Denso and Bosch. Those investment in our country will increase our national income and also our economic growth. Other than that, Malaysia also sets a new record of RM216.5 billion for approved direct investment in 2013. Foreign and domestic direct investment continue to increase and 192,000 new jobs with higher income employment opportunities for Malaysians were approved. Malaysia again had a new record breaking year of investments in the manufacturing, services and primary sectors in 2013 with total approved investments of RM216.5 billion, a very commendable achievement amidst a challenging external environment. In 2012, the country attracted a total of RM167.8 billion in direct investments, which was the highest amount ever recorded. These approved investments were in 5,669 projects comprising 14 megaprojects worth more than RM1 billion each and 82 large projects worth more than RM100 million each. The majority of these projects are in high-value and high-growth industries. From all this achievements, we can see that manufacturing sector were important in economic growth and increase our nat ional income. 3.1.2 The Goal into Higher Value-added Activities in the New Economic Model (NEM) Malaysia launched the New Economic Model (NEM), which aims for the country to reach high income status by 2020 while ensuring that growth is also sustainable and inclusive. The NEM includes a number of reforms to achieve economic growth that is primarily driven by the private sector and moves the Malaysian economy into higher value-added activities in both industry and services. Our exports are still strong but not generating enough added value. Malaysia want to achieve high value added activities because Malaysia shortage of skilled manpower and high technology. This causes Malaysia lags behind developed countries to another. In the desire to become a developed country, Malaysia should concentrate importance of the manufacturing sector. This is because, the manufacturing sector is an important factor in the economic development of the country. Compared with the past, Malaysia have to move forward as an example in the field of automotive and electronics. Manufacturing sector brings m any benefits to the economy of our country. 3.1.3 Knowledge and Innovation Intensive Economic Activity The transformation of the economy will be characterised by economic sectors moving to higher value-added economic activities, where knowledge, innovation and productivity are central to value creation. For Malaysia, given the existing strong manufacturing and services base, movement towards higher value-added activity will be driven by the existing and new industries migrating up the value chain, such as in the areas of advanced electronics as well as green and resource-based industries. This will be strongly complemented by the development of knowledge-intensive services, including computing, information and communication technology (ICT), research and development (RD), health and education, as well as manufacturing-related support services such as logistics, marketing and branding. The significance, while multinational and large domestic corporations will remain important, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) will be central to the economy. A broad base of highly dynamic, innovative and competitive SMEs will be a critical and prominent feature of a high value-added, high-income Malaysian economy. 3.1.4 The Positive Rate of Trade Balance Since Malaysia want to be a country that is based on the manufacturing sector, our country less importing goods from abroad and has become one of the countrys largest exporter. Since the activities of importing goods from foreign countries has been reduced, therefore, the less the rate of money flowing abroad to pay for imported goods. The money can be used for the development of other sectors. So, excessive state financial resources that can be used to raise the living standards of the people. Strictly speaking, the progress in the industrial sector managed to reduce imports formerly state our country is too dependent on the import of goods. When the policy of industrial made our country export goods to overseas are higher than the import of goods from outside. This will lead to a positive value of trading revenue exceeds expenses. We can see that the manufacturing sector is one of the most important sectors of the economy. Although there are some obstacles, but the manufacturing sector remains important in driving the developed countries. 3.1.5 Increase the Demand for Raw Materials in the Country The reduction of the import of certain goods may increase the demand for raw materials in the country. The rapid growth in the manufacturing sector certainly lead to an increase in demand for raw materials. There are, to be between industrial essence to produce various products according to the demands of society worldwide. As an analogy that is common knowledge, our country never conquered by foreign powers to dominate the countrys supply of raw materials because of the high prices and widespread demand in the international market. According to the latest statistics, sources of raw materials such as rubber, oil palm and still have broad market at the level of globalization. Besides that, by Malaysia External Trade Statistics in 2012, found that the production of palm oil increased by 7.9% to RM4.5 billion. This situation certainly contributed to the improvement of the national economy as a country exporting these resources abroad. In addition, the supply of raw materials such as petroleum is needed in the process of canning food and petrol for the industrial sector in our country. In fact, cooking oil and soap produced also using palm oil as a source of raw materials. Indirectly, commodity prices have certainly risen sharply and benefit the country. Izhar, momentum in the industrial sector has been able to significantly increase the demand for raw material resources of the country. 3.1.6 Manufacturing Sector Provide Many Job Opportunities We can see that many factory were built whether in rural or urban, this shows that many job opportunities that the manufacturing sector provided. Moreover, the manufacturing sector provides benefits to people in terms of employment opportunities are vast. Factories were built in remote areas are able to provide employment opportunities to the people. For examples, occupations that normally offered to residents nearby as operator of the plant, the plant engineers, plant managers and so on. Job creation is supposed to be used by people to meet their needs. The industrial sector is able to offer a wide variety of employment opportunities at various levels. Among them are the stages of production, processing, assembly, packaging, marketing. In 2001 alone, 2.2 million people are involved in the industrial sector which is equivalent to 22% of the total workforce in Malaysia. This phenomenon can definitely reduce the rate of unemployment among people. When the rate of unemployment among people were reduce it also mean that we were close to full rate employment. Can be seen here that the industrial sector is able to offer a wide range of employment opportunities to the people especially in manufacturing. 3.1.7 The Leading Sector in the Malaysian Economy The share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased over time from 27.8% in 1996 to 31.4% in 2004 surpassing that of the agricultural sector since 1987. As a result of its rapid and sustained industrial growth by the mid of 1990s Malaysia had one of the largest productivity income. Besides that, The electrical electronics (EE) industry is the leading sector in Malaysias manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to the countrys exports (32.8 per cent) and employment (27.2 per cent) in 2013. The EE industry in Malaysia is focused on deepening and strengthening the three major ecosystems of semiconductors, solar and LED technologies. The growth of semiconductor will continue to spearhead the growth of the EE industry in Malaysia and has benefited from the global demand in the usage of mobile devices (smartphones, tablets), storage devices (cloud computing, data centres), optoelectronics (photonics, fibre optics, LEDs) and embedded technology (integrated circuits, PCBs, LEDs). The EE manufacturers in the country have continued to move-up the value chain to produce higher value-added products. These include intensification of research and development efforts and outsource non-core activities domestically. CONCLUSION For the conclusion, manufacturing sector is an important sector in driving structural transformation into high value added activities in Malaysia. The manufacturing sector has been the engine of economic growth in Malaysia since its embarked to be an industrialization country.

Language of Love in Shakespeares As You Like It Essay -- Shakespeare

As You Like It is love:   The Language of Love  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most obvious concern of As You Like It is love, and particularly the attitudes and the language appropriate to young romantic love. This is obvious from the relationships between Orlando and Rosalind, Silvius and Phoebe, Touchstone and Audrey, and Celia and Oliver. The action of the play moves back and forth among these couples, inviting us to compare the different styles and to recognize from those comparisons some important facts about young love. Here the role of Rosalind is decisive. Rosalind is Shakespeare's greatest and most vibrant comic female role. She is clearly the only character in the play who has throughout an intelligent, erotic, and fully anchored sense of love, and it becomes her task in the play to try to educate others out of their false notions of love, especially those notions which suggest that the real business of love is adopting an inflated Petrarchan language and the appropriate attitude that goes with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rosalind falls in love with Orlando at first sight (as is standard in Shakespeare), becomes erotically energized, and remains so throughout the play. She's delighted and excited by the experience and is determined to live it to the full moment by moment. One of the great pleasures of watching Rosalind is that she is always celebrating her passionate feelings for Orlando. She does not deny them or try to play games with her emotions. She's aware that falling in love has made her subject to Celia's gentle mockery, but she's not going to pretend that she isn't totally thrilled by the experience just to spare herself being laughed at (she even laughs at herself, while taking enormous delight in the behaviour which prompts... ...anet Lloyd. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993. McFarland, Thomas. Shakespeare's Pastoral Comedy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972. Marsden, Jean. I. The Re-Imagined Text: Shakespeare, Adaptation, and Eighteenth-Century Literary Theory. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, 1995. Odell, George C. D. Shakespeare from Betterton to Irving. Vol. 2 New York: Dover Publications, 1966. Russell, Anne E. "History and Real Life: Anna Jameson, Shakespeare's Heroines and Victorian Women." Victorian Review: The Journal of the Victorian Studies Association of Western Canada. 17.2 (Winter 1991): 35-49. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. in The Riverside Shakespeare. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin company, 1974. Terry, Ellen. Four Lectures on Shakespeare. New York: Benjamin Bloom, Inc., 1969.      

Response to Goerge Orwells 1984 :: essays research papers

Upon my reading of the novel 1984, I was fascinated by George Orwell’s vision of the future. Orwell describes a world so extreme that a question comes to mind, asking what would encourage him to write such a novel. 1984 took place in the future, but it seemed like it was happening in the past. George Orwell was born in 1903 and died in 1950; he has seen the horrific tides of World War  ² and à . As I got deeper into this novel I began to see similar events of world history built into 1984. The main thing I saw in this book that brought me back to historical events, was the control of people for corrupt and selfish purposes. At the end of World War  ² Japan began to capture areas in Asia and the Pacific that had valuable materials such as coconut copra, rubber and quartz. The inhabitants of captured territories where more or less given the status of slaves. I saw the same events taking place in 1984; wars were being fought in disputed areas which contain valuable goods, but the main reason for war was for cheap slave labor. When Winston and Julia are in Mr. Charrington’s room Julia brings out a surprise â€Å"It’s real tea. Not blackberry leaves.† â€Å"There’s been a lot of tea about lately. They’ve captured India, or something,† (1) Oceania is a world where quantity is more important than quality and quality goods are hard to get a hold of because it is reserve for greedy inner party members. Another instance of a concept that brings me back to historical events is the strong connection between the Oceanian society and the German Nazi society. After World War  ² Germany was still in a stage of depression, Adolf Hitler promised a way out. So he began his brainwashing campaign and used load speakers and radio broadcasting. He started destroying books that opposed his views and murdered people that stood in his way to power. To keep control over society the inner party also used the same tactics. They formed a secret organization (known as the brotherhood) to stop any treat to the party. And built departments (Ministry of Love, Truth and Plenty) to keep the party in power, the party even eliminates or re-writes parts of history if needed. During World War à  communication improved, Hitler came to power by using communication; he used load speakers, radio broadcasting and slogans to promote his views.

Free Great Gatsby Essays: East and West :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Division between East and West in The Great Gatsby  Ã‚   The division between East and West is a significant theme in The Great Gatsby. The author has projected the historical East/West division of the States on the division of class and society in the 20th century. The Mid-West, which represents the new territory of hope and the old pioneer spirit, corresponds to West Egg in New York. For Fitzgerald, there was a certain old-fashioned stability resting on the old, unchanging values and close relationships. Some of these values are: honesty, human respect, divinity, idealism, romanticism, faith, ambition, community, and other spiritual values which are all personified in Gatsby. The novel mirrors the East-West divide of the whole country in the division between West Egg and East Egg. Nick and Gatsby live on West Egg, which means that they have retained their closeness to western values. The Buchanans on the other hand have become Easterners, they represent the corruption of the East. The main characters, Daisy, Nick, Gatsby, and Tom are all from the Mid-west. While Tom and Daisy Buchanan live an East Egg, being attracted by its glamour, excitement and promise of success, Nick enjoys living on West Egg. He mentions the friendship between Mid-Westerners, who are brought together by their extremely long and cold winters (in contrast to the New York summers' heat). Nick's neighbor Gatsby is a wealthy person, who spends a lot of money giving parties for strangers only to meet Daisy, the dream of his life. He is seen as representing "new money" because he has no good education and no family background over several generations, he is self-made, invented by himself. For this reason, he is not accepted as being dignified enough to enter the exclusive "old money" upper class. Tom and Daisy are "old money", rich and from old established families living on East Egg, which the millionaires inhabit. The East symbolizes fashionable life, sophistication, the "modern society" and the land where anything can happen. This is the world of brutality, corruption, carelessness, materialism and failure of emotion. By moving to the East, the Buchanans lose contact with the deeper values. They are superficial, aimless, irresponsible, empty and lonely. They have no desires, their talks are meaningless and their spiritual values are forgotten or dumped. Another symbol of the East is the Centre of New York.

Sustainability and Waste Management

Waste Management Sustainability is very important when it comes to our environment and the removal of our waste. Why should we remove our waste properly and what are the benefits of removing of it properly? For starters leaving waste in the environment can seriously damage wildlife kill major ecosystems and so on, not to mention the unsightliness of it and smell in our homes and neighborhoods. There are also great benefits to removing waste properly like cost to an individual it can help you save a lot of money.It will keep are environment clean and full of life and leave the earth better for future generation. There are three simple ways that most companies use to help decrease the amount of waste we put out in the world and they are reducing, reuse, and recycle. These are three simple ways to better help our environment. Reducing is very simple if we reduce the amount of trash we use there will be less to throw away like using reseal able bags and containers that can be used again or finding ways to not use waste in the first place.Reusing is also simple like I stated above using thing over and over again will cut down on the waste we put out. Recycling is something that may be more difficult for most people to do but can help tons in waste management recycling is the simple act of taking something that was used and making it into another product that is usable for someone else. When it comes to not disposing of our waste properly and hurting wildlife most people underestimate how much throwing a piece of trash on the ground is really hurting our environment.Most people believe that if I throw this on the ground it should dissolve in a few days but that is not the case it takes up to thirty years for a piece of plastic to dissolve in the ground and over fifty years for a simple six pack holder. Disposing of waste on the ground also brings around critters that are not wanted in our environment like rats and raccoons.So just think about that for a second if the re was no such thing as waste management and people simple just discarded of trash in their yards it would take many years for any of that to go away and would probably kill most of what it sits on and be harmful to any animals that come across this stuff not to mention the damage it does to trees and other plants. Leaving trash around also spreads unwanted disuses and can cause personal injury to anyone that comes into contact with it. There are also some major benefits to discarding of waste properly.The more people that recycle the cheaper it gets, also it is much cheaper to recycle than it is to remove waste and start more landfills and add to the ones we already have. When it comes to saving you some money or leaving the earth better than it was when we got here. Recycling also creates 1. 1 million jobs and grossed 236 billion dollars annually. Every time you recycle you are creating four jobs so the more people who do it create more jobs and pump more money into our economy.Wh en we use recycled paper we saving money by buying cheaper paper and not having to cut down more trees, which everyone knows, are very important for the survival of any life. Also recycling steel can provide energy for millions of households around the globe. But also this creates jobs and improves living conditions for everyone. There really are not too many skeptics when it comes to not removing of waste properly but those we don’t really know the effects of adding improper waste to our environment.But with a little education on the issue almost everyone would be pro choice on recycling. This issue is a great one because we are talking about our future and need to keep our earth in shape for our future residents and through the act of removing waste properly we can see to it that this happens. There are many ways we can educate the youth and our population on why we should continue to use waste management Work Cited page National Recycling Coalition. Waste Management. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. . Work Cited page Citation added: â€Å"Waste Management. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 22 Jan. 2008. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. . Braungart, Michael. â€Å"Waste Management. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 10 Aug. 2011. .

The Striking Issues that Gave Light to Richard Wright’s

Issues on rebellion, racial discrimination, and social hierarchy have been considered as the finest works in the field of literature and history.   Stories that portray the truth behind the raging diversion between the whites and the blacks have always been a topic of speculation that writers and scholars considerably digest inside the situation.   It does not only come in handy—especially in narrative anecdotes—but it also serves as a â€Å"by hook or by crook† schema in the aide of social and political instances in the contemporary society. Numerous scholars even reprimanded Wright’s works as to be a mere social document rather than that of a novel in the catalogs of literature.   Debates have sprouted and critics commenced deliberative studies on the credibility of the author’s works (Kinnamon). Personal experience and observation—these are the customary perceptions regarded by a milieu of academia; and that   no matter how rigid Wright’s arguments are on introducing his work as a â€Å"fiction,† the social circumstances which have been brought upon by the readers tingled the minds of skeptics all the more. Charles I. Glickberg even theoretically stresses that the representation of Bigger Thomas is the author himself, and that the experiences and the events which occurred on the story are in point of fact the author’s own lifespan familiarity. As James Baldwin articulates, â€Å"no American Negro exists who does not have his private Bigger Thomas living in the skull,† crazed to be logically the same from one another, the audience have spotted the similarities.   From geographical representation, to familial connection—mother in the most awful slums of the Black Belt of such locale—characteristics with regard to motivation in overcoming fear and detestation, the temperament of being rebellious and the explosion of violence as triggered by the environmental and societal experiences diverged on to. Further, in the Southern custom, the portrayals in Bigger’s role all proved several connotations of the realistic sense in the crowd where the author actually lives.   Supplementary to that, all of them were mutinous colleagues of the Jim Crow order, â€Å"they were shot, hanged, maimed, lynched, and generally hounded until they were either dead or their spirits broken,† all these were the exact depiction of Chicago’s timid, twitchy, glum disturbed, estranged, vicious youths besieged for survival individuals.   The reality, which has been established in the story dwells on the analogy that Richard Wright’s intentions in producing the book follows the idea of â€Å"telling the truth.† (Kinnamon) The climax of the story is apparently seen on the last part, where he stood and expressed what has been boggling on his mind.   As Bigger stated, â€Å". . .I speak for my own people, but I speak for America too,† such striking phrase makes the readers realize that the story does not only tackle the negative descriptions of the discrimination that Negroes are experiencing, but rather the events came in a domino effect with pious misunderstandings between both sides of the coin. â€Å"Bigger† can be considered as a hero and as a model to the Americans (Kinnamon).   In a broader perspective, it implies that change has to be done for the betterment of all.   Hence if the act has been a second later, the predicament of the whole situation never would have been saved, or redeemed. Undeniably, the twists of the story complete its whole package.   It does not only take readers into a whole new dimension in the arena of fictional stories, but because of Wright’s indirect representation of its characters, it has captivated the hearts of the masses.  Ã‚   Others make be cynical on the relevance of reading the book—looking on the inconsiderate part of course—but those who well understood the theme and the manifestations which has been introduced by the author even until the very end of the story, it mystifies one’s thoughts and belligerently makes a certain bookworm think, â€Å"have I been a good citizen?†Ã‚   That then make be deemed as a perfect mixture of thrill and admiration.   It may be ideological in the immediate time, but no one knows where the Native Son shall settle next. Work Cited Kinnamon, Keneth. â€Å"Native Son: The Personal, Social, and Political Background.† Phylon (1960-) 30.1 (1969): 66-72.      

High School Experience

When you start a new school or start a new grade you have all these emotions that run threw your head that may stress you out. When I started high school I had some problems along the way one of the problems I had was getting to school and class on time. Another thing that I had a problem with was all the homework and projects. The last thing that I worried about was making friends. After my first year at Brien McMahon high school I moved across town and went to another school called Norwalk High School. My first year of high school it was really fun and stressful at some points. One of my problems were getting to school and class on time. It was really stressful because the bus would come very early and I would have trouble waking up in the morning. Every first period I was late or missed class it was hurting my grade really bad so I asked my mom if she could bring me to school in the morning. With her bringing me to school it was easier to wake up and get ready for school. My attendance had improved by doing that as well. During the school year I had big problems keeping up with my homework and bringing projects on time. One day I really was tired of getting bad grades so I decided to stay after school and get some extra help for my homework and it help me understand the work a lot better it also help me do better on test and quizzes. When I had a project I would stay after school and get an idea or advice for my project. Staying after school gave me a boost of cofidence in me and my work. After my first year at Brien McMahon I had moved to another school called Norwalk High school. The first week was terrible I didn’t know anybody there which made class very boring. The next week I was in gym class when a group of kids that used to play on my basketball team saw me and made me feel welcomed to the school. I started to sit with them at lunch as the year went by sitting with them I made lots of friends my first year and it ended up being very fun. I graduated at Norwalk high knowing so much people and having a lot of friends when I look back to it im glad I went there and I wouldn’t change it for nothing. When you start a new school or start a new grade you have all these emotions that run threw your head that may stress you out. If you just think about the positive In school you will have a lot of fun and learn a lot. One good reason you should stay in school is because you need a education it will help you in the long run.

Elderly Drivers Informational Essay

Informational Essay Currently there is an extremely important issue that the public should understand more about due to its enormous impact on many citizens. This issue pertains to the safety concern surrounding the elderly while operating a motor vehicle past the age of 70 years old. This debate whether old people should be allowed to drive is often brought up by younger drivers, the reality is that all able bodied people who are physically and mentally healthy should be able to drive but as we grow older it is inevitable that our health will decrease.There are many different arguments on this subject and seems to be a widely spoken debate amongst road users regarding each of their opinions on the possible changes to be made addressing this concern. We can examine the argument by first generally summarizing each side of the argument and their position with supporting evidence of each sides common claims. One of the most common claims made by advocates for the elderly drivers are as following even though the initial licensing procedures vary greatly in the United States.However, those who tend to favor the allowance of elderly citizens to drive on their own, likely believe it is an insult to senior citizens ability to drive and do not support the newly suggested regulations in order for any citizen over the age of 70 to be considered for their license renewal. Most states generally allow license renewal if there are no suspensions on the driver’s license and may require appearing in person. Aside from the general requirements previously stated there are two aspects of the license renewal process that seem to vary substantially among states.Which are the length of time between renewals as well as some additional requirements that may possibly be imposed on older motor vehicle operators. Such legal requirements currently exist in 28 states as well as the District of Columbia who, specifically states that an applicant shall not be required to retake the wri tten exam or road test based solely on advanced age. This regulation is imperative in exemplifying current licensing laws in the other states and their positions held regarding this matter. Some of the more southern states even allow certain privileges or rewards for elderly drivers.For instance, in both Oklahoma and Tennessee, the license renewal fees are reduced for drivers that are 60 years of age or older. Tennessee in particular also permits current drivers past the age of 65 and over to retain a driver’s license which will be indefinitely valid without an expiration date. The laws created by these states contribute to the increase in older drivers and supports their rights. The ability to drive represents a freedom and independence from relying on anyone else, and allows us to feel self-sufficient and capable.It is the belief of many that older drivers should be allowed to drive without any verification of his/her competency and that the elderly should be able to operat e a vehicle independently at their own discretion on the road and renew their driver’s license, without first screening for safety requirements. A survey conducted on www. surveycentral. org, showed a 76. 5% majority of those surveyed in a research study voted that older people should be able to drive if they can pass a driving test.The parties who wish to not enforce further driving laws pertaining to elderly people also believe that a loss of mobility to an elderly person tends to diminish their sense of independence and self-confidence leaving them feeling stranded or alone and ultimately leads to a decrease in the overall quality of life. The author Liisa Hakamies-Blomqvist in her essay â€Å"Older Road Users† supports this position with statistical evidence and research when she reports the following statement: â€Å"Older drivers do not have a higher accident risk than others.They do however have a higher risk of being injured or killed in accidents because of w ith their age there is increasing physical frailty†( Hakamies-Blomqvist, 1997). The license renewal of the elder drivers may pose a problem among older citizens who will soon be approaching this age of evaluation, that are not likely to be cohesive with this proposal for various reasons. The fact that they are soon approaching this period in their life as they are getting older, and certain rights are undoubtedly being taken away from them with mandatory evaluations/examinations can be seen as a human rights issues.However, the main concern held in this matter lies in the safety and well-being of all vehicles including passengers and drivers. According to a recent study by Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh and the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, based on data from 1999-2004 displays statistics to support the claim that laws should be enforced and can be seen in the following surprising fatality rates for drivers: â€Å"Which begin to climb after age 65, and from age s 75 to 84, the rate of about three deaths per 100 million miles driven is equal to the death rate of teenage drivers.Even worse for drivers 85 and older, the fatality rate skyrockets to nearly four times higher than that for teens† (AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2004). Various statistics show similar results when comparing fatalities and crash rates involving elderly drivers and is a concern for many people. This concern is exemplified by the following statement by Barbara Harsha, executive director of the Governors Highway Safety Association. It's a huge problem, and we really don't have any solutions to it yet,† â€Å"We need to keep moving on it and try to find solutions as quickly as possible†(Harsha, 2004). This is a continuing problem and will only increase in severity as the boom of newly aged senior citizens grows rapidly, and will inevitably be driving on the road with us. This seems like an issue we should be addressing as citizens, however we have n’t been able to come up with any compromise or solution to resolve this problem as of yet.As far as seeing a visible improvement in statistics from any changes made in this effort seem that the only measure scientifically proven to lower the rate of fatal motor vehicle accidents involving elderly drivers is to require the seniors to appear at motor vehicle departments in person to renew their licenses. Research demonstrates that senior citizens who drive are involved in more fatal car accidents than any other driving age group. However, while senior drivers do pose a risk, losing the right to drive may also possibly lead to isolation or depression.Even though many states have implemented various restrictions on senior drivers in an attempt to fix the problem, there have been no successful results overall regarding this issue and so far all attempts seem to be inadequate to fully address the issue and resolve this situation. Therefore, the current challenge that seems to be f acing the community regarding transportation safety is how to provide the elderly with the easy mobility that they are used to having, while at the same time focusing on safety as a main priority.

The first essay Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The first essay - Movie Review Example le Citizen Cane demonstrates many technical innovations that would be seminal to the production of film, How Green was My Valley may be the better film taken overall – less influential, but more watchable and engaging in several ways. Citizen Kane is largely hailed as the best movie ever made, and eventually canonized repeatedly in the American Film Institute’s â€Å"100 Films† series. There are many ways that Citizen Kane deserves all of these accolades it was a remarkable film, popular in its time, but also very influential to later films. It was not, however, immediately recognized for the kind of praise that it now garners. And this rests on the fact that Citizen Kane was influential primarily due to its many technical advancements. The opening shot of the film, for instance, has a crane shot dipping through a window, depicting the dead body of Kane, was completely novel and then repeated quite frequently. The film also used deep focus, which provided the viewer with the foreground, midground and background were all sharp and viewable, which in some ways made the film more akin to what the eye sees naturally. For all of this technical brilliance, which was incredibly influential, however, Citize n Cane, as a film, has many failings. The audience never really connects with any of the characters such as the distant Kane or the detached reporter following up on his final words. The stakes are not very high – no one knows why â€Å"rosebud† might be of any importance. How Green was my Valley ¸ on the other hand, was not seminal in any ways. It was an entirely traditional 1940s film which had minimal influence on the techniques of film making. Yet as a film, a piece of entertainment, it may have been more successful. Its story is compelling and engaging – one actually feels close to its characters, and worry over their troubles. It has an emotional depth that Kane lacks, and one feels more like a friend seeing a neighbor in trouble watching it,

Financial statement analysis project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial statement analysis project - Essay Example Depreciation of company property and equipments is done on a straight line method. Amortization is also deducted from the fixed assets. The longest life spun of equipment is five years which account for its useful life. Buildings are considered for 25 years. From the analysis, there are three things that are interesting about the company. Google Inc provides credit to its specified customers with no need for collateral. These are provided for in the allocation for bad and doubtful debts. More than 40% of revenue is received from unsecured receivables. The company has only class A and B shares in its portfolio. From the analysis, is that from the ratios analysis, strong companies like Google Inc have a current ratio of more than 1. The profit margin of the company goes more that 20% to prove its sustainability in the competitive global market. Application of international standards in financial reporting cannot be avoided even by independent multinationals. The share value continues to shore up in the stock market because of guaranteed return on equity. Treating financial vote heads in the universal standards is not

Introduction to GPS and static positioning Essay

Introduction to GPS and static positioning - Essay Example The system was introduced by the US military but today anyone can access its services through the use of a GPS receiver (McNamara, 52). The satellite system uses a trilateration principle to determine the location of the receiver (Maini and Varsha, 428). In three dimension trilateration, the requirement for the system to generate the exact location of the receiver is a direct line of signal from at least three satellites and the distance between a receiver and the satellites (Maini and Varsha, 411). These details are obtained by the receiver from analyzing the high frequency radio signals from the satellites. This distance is derived from a calculation of the time used by the frequencies to travel from one satellite to the receiver on a location that is on earth. This measurement is only possible if the time in both the satellite and the receiver are synchronized. Otherwise the delay would not give an accurate value of the distances obtained. To synchronize the time in space and the time in the atmosphere where gravity pulls are varied requires both the receiver and the satellite to have atomic clocks. However atomic clocks are very expensive and as such, the GPS system uses an error correction method that involves the fourth satellite. From the fourth satellites transmission of signals, the inaccuracy in trilatration is appropriately adjusted (Maini and Varsha, 308). The calculation for the error adjustment by the receiver is repeated several times to make the receiver just as effective without the atomic watch for synchronization. Further errors are bound to arise in the process of calculating the distance and location of the receiver. These include the effect of delays of signals in different layers of the atmosphere. However, the speed of electromagnetic waves is not affected and travels at the same speed as that of light. In different substances, the speed is considerably reduced. These variations in the speed of the waves are

Food Safety In Global Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food Safety In Global Markets - Essay Example Last year, the United States reported as many as seventy-five million instances where individuals became sick because of food-borne illness. One of the prominent issues related to food-borne illness in world markets is that the nature of globalized trade has demonstrated has brought a multitude of diseases in contact with populations that had never been exposed to them. An important impact of these occurrences is that in developing appropriate measures to slow the damage of these diseases, it’s necessary for not merely countrywide restrictions to be developed, but an increased emphasis on globalized cooperation between trading countries (Venter). In terms of the impact of food-borne illness in global markets, it’s clear a number of aspects need to be assessed. One of the most pervasive such considerations is the means of how biotechnology can work to reduce the frequency of food-borne illnesses. Ultimately, while it’s been argued that while biotechnology can prov ide a significant response to food-borne diseases, proper measures and restrictions must be agreed upon internationally to ensure proper implication (‘Food safety and food-borne illness’). References ‘Food safety and food-borne illness’ WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/en/ Venter, T. Van. Emerging food-borne diseases: a global responsibility.